Deep Dive
What is the educational philosophy behind the academy's teaching model?
The academy's teaching model is based on Confucius's educational ideal of teaching without discrimination and tailoring education to individual abilities. It emphasizes self-directed learning, where students progress at their own pace, focusing on understanding virtue and the Dao rather than speed. The academy acts more like a research center, fostering students' abilities through self-study and inquiry.
How does the academy's teaching method differ from traditional schooling?
Unlike traditional schooling with fixed schedules and teacher-led lectures, the academy employs a self-directed learning approach. Teachers provide broad guidance and share insights, but students are responsible for their own study, research, and understanding. The academy emphasizes quality education and personal development over structured classroom teaching.
What are the core subjects and focus areas of the academy's curriculum?
The academy's curriculum focuses on Confucian classics and history, with an emphasis on interpreting and annotating these texts. It also includes works by past academy leaders, aiming to spread their academic thoughts. The academy's goal is to cultivate students' understanding of virtue and the Dao, preparing them for the imperial examinations.
What is the significance of 'yishu' in the academy's teaching materials?
'Yishu' refers to annotated texts that explain and interpret classical works, originally developed by Buddhists during the Northern and Southern Dynasties to clarify Buddhist scriptures. This method was later adopted by Confucian scholars to annotate Confucian classics, making complex ideas more accessible. These annotated texts are a key part of the academy's teaching materials.
Why did academies focus on publishing their leaders' works?
Academies published their leaders' works to spread their academic thoughts and establish their scholarly reputation. This tradition began with the rise of the Six Great Academies in the Northern Song Dynasty. Publishing these works was seen as a way to 'establish words' (立言), one of the three Confucian ideals, ensuring the leaders' ideas were preserved and passed down to future scholars.
How did the number of academies and their publications impact Chinese scholarship?
The large number of academies, growing from 200 in the Song Dynasty to 2,000 in the Qing Dynasty, significantly contributed to Chinese scholarship. Each academy published works by its leaders, resulting in a vast collection of high-quality academic texts. These publications, known as 'academy editions,' became an important part of China's ancient book collection system.
- 书院教学模式源于孔子的教育理想
- 因材施教，鼓励自主学习
- 老师引导，答疑解惑
Shownotes Transcript
书院的教学模式来自于孔子的教育理想《论语先进篇》里说有教无类因才施教学生五花八门理解程度不一样智力根器不一样都像官学一样拿一个教材每天讲几课那有人觉得浅有人觉得深有人跟得上有人跟不上这显然不符合圣人的教育理想书院的态度是
你什么样的智力什么样的根器我也不知道你自己学吧哪不懂你就问有能力的你就日行千里没能力的你可以日积归布反正我们也没人催你大方向对了就行学习的目标在明德明道不在早晚师父领进门修行在个人儒家讲人有资质不同佛家讲人有根器不同
那师父领进的门自然也就不同有人一进门哦在山脚下抬头一看整个山有人一进门他就在半山腰书院的学习他是以纯自学为主的就没人讲基本没人讲不跟学校一样一天上午四节课下午两节课老师在台上叨逼叨书院老师也讲学但讲法不一样基本是天马行空式的
泛泛的谈一下整体山长抒发一下自己的心得然后呢提纲窃领给学生们搭个架子方向和目标大概给你们一指 OK 就这么着了剩下的我们就不管了书院这种教学模式叫做起学就是启发式讲学书院它有自己的学术领域和方向你知道我们的领域和方向你想学什么你自己找本书去学吧你要是找不着呢山长可以给你指一本你先看这个
你看完了过来找我我给你答疑山长和书院的教师一般捡着自己喜欢的重点抒发一下啊抒发一下兄弟给学生们发挥发挥剩下的部分你们自己领悟用现在的话讲书院他重视的是素质教育他更像一个研究中心他注重的是学生们自己的能力培养你自己的能力我们书院就是有个地儿
你要自己去找点你要自己去涉问你要自己去研究然后最后你自己体会能不能龙场悟道那看你看你自己有没有这个因缘有没有这个根器有没有这个资质书院这种模式它显然就需要大量的自学读本和参考书籍对吧老师不讲再没有书呢还了得古代书院的讲学我们讲是天马行空的讲一讲但也没有那么天马行空啊
哲学历史佛学这些领域是不可能的他所谓的天马行空仍然是本着以儒家经典为主要教材的行空讲的是历代的理学大师他们对儒家经典的注视和阐发就是还是讲历代理学大师的他们的思想经史子集四部书院重点是经史两部
其实它的目标还是修齐制平还是科举书院还是一个为了科举补充的素质教育所以书院自己的课书它的重头就在经史两部分和产发经史的译书比如说龙山书院课的春秋经传集解
陆珠书院课的汉书集结永泽书院课的私书章句白鹿洞书院课的史记集结就是这种义书全是什么集结集合起来解惑等等我们老讲说什么什么的义书什么什么的集结义书这个词我们顺便就解释一下就是义义理的义书奏书的书义书是一种古文体古书文体专门注视古书的文体
它最早起源于佛教起源于南北朝时期的佛教我在佛教思想里讲过两进南北朝时期中国佛教进入了一个大易经时代就是易书时代易书就是佛教徒在这个时代发明的文体所谓易书即是易理的书通书通易理用的理解佛经用的因为佛经产发的思想它不是我们中国的传统思想它比较晦涩难懂
所以要用译书的形式写一本来疏通全书意义的书后来佛教徒发明的这种模式就是给一本经写译书就被引用到了儒家经典上儒家这些大儒们也写译书然后这些译书结合起来就是这些什么什么集解什么什么集解除了注解圣人的言教铲发理学大家的书之外
那书院内容的核心也是他最重点的课书内容和课书部分是刊刻自己本书院历代山长的著作这个传统从北宋六大书院初兴就已经形成了建书院的目的它在于把本院山长的学术思想传播于世对吧不然我们就不建书院建书院我们就是这个目的要把山长的学术思想传播出去
所以每个书院它相当于一个学派到了明中晚期天下学人士绅都热衷于兴办书院也有这个原因就这个书院它实际是一个学派的学术基地因为读书人嘛读书人讲三立对吧立德立言立功讲三立立德这个事是内在的长期的这不是一天立德的事立一辈子立功这事是外在的您得看运气对吧运气好你才能立功
但立言不是啊这三类里头就立言最简单立言就当下就能干对吧你出书就算立言管有没有人看呢不光是以前书院的这山长先生们爱出书现在大学里教授们也爱出书没人看他们也出在儒家看来立于文字这就叫立言了对吧立德立言立功我只要立于文字那立言这项我就站住了
各代书院都刻这种立言文字啊主要是刻山长的比如说宋朝建安书院刻朱文公集龙熙书院刻陈纯的陈北锡集竹锡书院刻秋牙先生小稿龙川书院刻陈龙川先生集东林书院刻龟山杨文清集等等就每个书院刻自己山长的书或者说书院就是专门给自己山长出这些书懂了吧大儒们办书院那也是有想法的哦
一方面我要传播圣人的言教另一方面要留给后代学人叉叉叉先生级叉叉叉先生小稿对吧把自己的一生所学所感所悟传下去成就读书人的君子立言的传统因此书院课书它目标特别明确就是要传承这个传承的目的就决定了书院它出的书的质量和层次就比较高了
不光是内容因为学术著作它的那个内容层次肯定是要高它还涉及到这个书院和山长本人的学术名声啊这个书的质量涉及到山长的名声和书院的名声书的教刊印刷装针质量要求都很高所以传世书院本图书他们的经本善本很多
但是一个书院能刻的书不多啊对吧因为你一个山长能写几本书对吧一辈子能写几本你历代山长凑一凑一个书院一个书院一代有一个山长嘛历代山长都凑起来你也就是个几十套书对吧看着是不多的但是书院基数大呀一个书院刻的不多宋朝是两百个书院到清朝是两千个书院你历代的往起一家一城
乘一千乘两千这个总数就很惊人了因此书院课书作为中国古代四大课书系统之一它是一股不容小觑的力量从宋代书院兴起以来啊书院就没有停止过课书在古籍善本的收藏领域里他们所课的书被称为书院本