cover of episode 472. The Road to The Great War: Britain's Fateful Choice (Part 4)

472. The Road to The Great War: Britain's Fateful Choice (Part 4)

2024/7/21
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The Rest Is History

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丘吉尔
多米尼克
汤姆
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丘吉尔:奥匈帝国给塞尔维亚的最后通牒是现代历史上史无前例的,其严苛程度使得任何国家都无法接受,也无法满足侵略者的要求。这预示着欧洲局势的急剧变化。 多米尼克:在对欧洲大陆强权的讨论中,英国的角色至关重要,但到目前为止,人们对英国的关注还不够。英国虽然人口较少,但拥有世界最大的帝国和海军,其选择将对整个欧洲局势产生深远影响。 汤姆:1914年的英国,虽然人口规模相对较小,但凭借其庞大的殖民帝国和强大的海军,仍然是世界顶级强国。然而,其陆军规模相对较弱,以往的战争多为规模较小的殖民地战争。英国外交政策长期以来依赖海军力量,并通过资助其他国家参与战争来维护自身利益。在20世纪初,英国曾奉行“光荣孤立”政策,但布尔战争的经验教训促使英国开始寻求与其他强国的联盟。 多米尼克:英国与弱国结盟对抗大陆最强势国家是其长期以来的外交策略。在1914年,德国取代法国成为大陆最强势的国家,因此英国转向与法国和俄罗斯结盟。这种联盟不仅是为了对抗德国,也是为了缓和英国在殖民地边界与这些国家可能发生的冲突。英国与俄罗斯的联盟,很大程度上是为了应对俄罗斯对英国在亚洲(特别是印度)的帝国利益构成的潜在威胁。 汤姆:虽然英德之间存在海军竞赛等摩擦,但在20世纪初,英国上层社会对德国文化十分推崇。一些英国政治家,如张伯伦和霍尔丹,曾积极寻求与德国结盟。然而,随着德国实力的增强,英国对德国的焦虑也在增加,这在当时的一些文学作品中有所体现。到1914年,英德关系有所改善,但仍存在分歧。英国在1914年面临着内忧外患,国内存在爱尔兰自治问题、妇女参政运动和罢工等问题,因此其关注点并不完全在巴尔干地区。 多米尼克:英国对萨拉热窝事件的最初反应是同情和认为其影响有限。然而,英国外交大臣格雷对局势非常担忧。格雷是一位自由帝国主义者,他既支持自由主义,也支持帝国主义政策。他长期担任外交大臣,但其决策方式不够透明,这导致英国在战争中的立场存在不确定性。

Deep Dive

Chapters
The British cabinet was shocked by the Austrian ultimatum, with Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey particularly concerned. Britain, historically a German ally, had adopted a policy of "splendid isolation." How would Britain and other powers respond, and what would Serbia do?
  • The British cabinet was unanimously shocked by Austria's ultimatum to Serbia.
  • Sir Edward Grey, the British Foreign Secretary, was deeply worried about the situation in Europe.
  • Britain, despite its recent naval race with Germany, had been a German ally and had adopted a policy of splendid isolation.

Shownotes Transcript

On the 24th of July 1914, in London, the Liberal British Cabinet met to hear the Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey, read them the Ultimatum handed to Serbia by the Austro-Hungarian Empire the day before. The world held its breath, awaiting Serbia’s response. With Germany determined to stand by Austria, and the French against them, focus now turned turned to Britain. Historically a German ally despite their naval race in 1913, it had recently adopted a policy of “splendid isolation”, its enormous empire having in some ways been something of a millstone, forcing them into protective alliances with other powers with which they may not otherwise have aligned. Regardless, the cabinet’s response to the Ultimatum was one of unanimous shock, with Sir Grey himself - a man of languid superiority - especially worried by the situation simmering in Europe. How, then, would Britain and the other great powers of Europe respond to the Ultimatum? And graver still, what would Serbia do?

Join Tom and Dominic as they discuss the entangled web of European diplomacy in 1914, the British reaction to Austria’s Ultimatum, and the fascinating, comical and often deeply impressive cast of characters operating matters behind the scenes, as the countdown to war begun.


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