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I know I usually save my secrets for the end of the episode, but I'm going to tell you my secret favorite candy. It's Reese's peanut butter.
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Oh, hey, it's that rock that you found at the lake that for some reason just said, hey, put me in your pocket. Allie Ward. And welcome to the Smologies episode of Feathers. Very exciting. What is Smologies, by the way? If you've landed here, Smologies are shorter, classroom-friendly, kid-safe episodes you can listen to for all ages. Kind of like Digests you can listen to with the family. If you want the full episode, it's linked in the show notes. But this one we made safe for you and your kids. You're welcome. Okay.
Okay, let's get into it. Plumology, did you know this was a thing? I did not. So it comes from the Latin for down or for first beard. And later plume came to mean like a stream of smoke. So we're talking all
manner of feathers. Oh, feathers. Now, I have already covered ornithology. It came out in November 2019, but I was thrilled when this ologist at the Natural History Museum of LA suggested via email that there were many, many more sub-ologies with feathered friends, including them dang feathers themselves. So I made haste to the museum one sleepy Wednesday afternoon, right before they closed for the day, and I met up
with this ologist who was wearing a flowery blouse and a museum ID on a dangling lanyard. And I asked her all
the quilled questions that would rattle out of my dome, as well as yours. So shake off the dust and get ready to soar the sky and learn about what makes a feather a feather, how they evolved, why they're important, the longest bird tail, peacock plumes, iridescence, the blackest black, tiny feathers, huge ones, dinosaur myths and mysteries, and more with feather researcher and professional plumologist, Dr. Alison Schultz. Plumologist. Plumologist.
Now you are a plumologist? Yeah, so I'm a plumologist. I study bird feathers and how they evolve and kind of more specifically I think about the colors of feathers, but the structure and the development, all of that is integral into the whole picture.
Do any other living animals on the planet have feathers that aren't birds? No living animals. Okay, okay. Yeah. So actually, we used to think that that was one of the defining characteristics of birds was feathers. But once they started finding feathers in all of these non-avian dinosaurs, that became not true anymore. So now we know that feathers evolved long before birds did. Wow.
And all birds are dinosaurs. All birds are dinosaurs. Yes, that is true. That still like rocks me. What? Like living dinosaurs. So, okay, feathers. Yeah. Is a feather like a modified hair? What's happening? That's a great question. They're somewhat related to hair since that they're made out of keratin and they're, you know, an external structure that grows out of the skin, but they're actually much more related to scales. Okay.
What? So both feathers and hair are made out of keratin, but different kinds of keratin. There's this kind of keratin called alpha keratin that mostly makes up hairs and our fingernails and like mammalian structures, whereas beta keratin is what makes up bird feathers and actually more reptile scales and things like that.
Okay, quick aside. Beta-carotene are the proteins that make reptile and bird scales tough and waterproof, but they are not to be confused with beta-carotene, which is a pigment that makes fruits and veggies orange. Now, beta-carotene, again, is in birdie scales and beaks and claws.
and feathers, which evolved from scales. Imagine something like an alligator scale splintered into thousands of fluffy shreds, selected through millions of years. Boom, you have feathers. Well, you don't, but birds do. And feathers are such complex structures that we do think that they first started off as kind of very simple, almost hair-like structure, and then evolved these more and more elaborate structures.
And so do you think that they were more like quills, like a porcupine quill? No, they would have been soft. They would probably look a lot like fur. So a bunch of dinos had fur-esque proto feathers, and they were stomping around like big fuzzy Muppets. And even before Archaeopteryx, which was a raven-sized feathered avian dinosaur, long considered history's first bird, flight feathers were all over the place in dinosaurs. Anyway, but the feathers came first at
And then the flight. You know, feathers, you think of them as being really important for flight, which of course they are. But feathers evolved long before flight did. So they actually didn't evolve for flight. They were co-opted to be used in flight. So walk me through the anatomy of a feather. There's like the main shaft, almost like a leaf shape.
Has a vein and then the ones off the side. What's going on? Yeah, that's a good question. So the main shaft, we call that the rachis. And so there's going to be this part that actually has all of these little branching structures and a part that's bare that's at the bottom. And that's what's going to be attached to the skin. You know, if you think of like a writing quill, that's where you would dip the ink in and use to write with.
And so those little branching structures off of the main shaft, we call those feather barbs. Oh. And each of those feather barbs actually has little branching shafts off of them. These are hard to see with your eye, but you actually can if you look really, really closely, called barbules. And in many feathers, especially feathers that need to be strong like flight feathers, they
The barbules also have these little tiny hooks that we call barbicels that actually link them together. So think about if you find like a feather on the ground and you kind of break it, you know what I mean? Like you can split the different barbs and you can zip it back together. Yeah. And so that's actually because you're actually making those little hooklets reattached to each other. So that's how feathers maintain their shape. And they're like little velcro-y kind of a hook?
Exactly. Just like that. Really cool. In terms of functions of feathers, can you walk me through some different varieties, like a menu of feathers?
Yeah, so feathers have many different functions and one thing that makes them really interesting to study is that oftentimes they're doing these functions simultaneously. Let's think about this really complex structure and try and understand what it's doing and how it evolved. My specialty is in feather color evolution and feather color itself has many different functions. So for example,
Thermoregulation, birds keeping warm. That's kind of one obvious use of feathers. Does that trap air so that it retains heat? Exactly. So it's like having this really warm air.
air blanket right next to your skin, basically. Birds can actually control how warm they want to be by either fluffing themselves up or having the feathers be more flat. So if you think about like a really cold morning, I was in Boston for a really long time. And sometimes when it's snowing, you see a bird outside and it looks like a little puffball.
And that's because they're increasing how much warm air that they have next to their skin, which is pretty cool. Oh, my God. I had no idea they could do that. Yeah. So they're like, watch this. I'm going to get cuter and warmer. Exactly. I'm adorable. Yeah.
I'm going to become almost a complete sphere. So they have a combination of down, like an undercoat, and then do they have flight feathers on top of it? Yeah, so there are different types of feathers. So downy feathers are one type of feathers, and those feathers, they don't have the central rachis in the same way that what we call a contour feather, which is a body feather, has, or a flight feather would have. And they also don't have all the little hooklets that are going to be hooking their...
their feather barbs and barbules together because they don't need to be hooked together. It's actually better for them to be more unorganized because they can trap air molecules more efficiently that way. So there are the contour or body feathers, the warm down feathers underneath. And then what other kind of feathers? There's another type of feathers that's really cool called rictal bristles. So if you ever looked really closely at a bird, like maybe there's a bird called a nightjar or...
a bird that is an insect eater, like a flycatcher. You might see little, they almost look like little hairs coming right around the bill, almost like whiskers, kind of. And so these are special feathers that only have this central rake, so they don't actually have any barbs or barbules. And for a long time, people didn't know, what are these feathers doing? But what they're probably doing is actually protecting the eyes of the bird. Really? Yeah.
So they can't hit themselves on things? Well, more so like little debris doesn't get in the eyes. So when you're out chasing a bunch of bugs in the air, your eyes aren't getting, you know, full of junk from there. Oh, my God. There are other birds that have crests or other very special feathers. So, you know, we talked about thermoregulation as one use, but one of the other big uses of feathers, of course, is signaling. And so whether that's being cryptic, so you're trying to hide from predators, you know, think about like...
kind of a brown bird that's maybe on the ground and hard to see or to become more conspicuous. So they're actually trying to show off and because plumage color is one of the things that bird can actually demonstrate its quality. So they actually use their color to attract mates, for example, or to fight off rivals. So, you know, males, instead of fighting, they're
over a territory or something like that, males will actually be able to just like look at some of these colored patches and decide, oh, this guy's not worth my time or this guy's going to be a competitor. I better actually fight him. That's so judgy. That's amazing. They're looking each other up and down, like sizing each other up. Oh my God, that's so petty. I love it. There's actually this really awesome
Bright orange birds. And the males will actually, they live in the rainforest in South America. And males will fight over patches of light. And that's because they're all together in the same place. And then when the female comes, they'll all get in their little light patches and kind of jump around and try and get her to choose them. Oh, my God. Like they each have spotlights on them? Exactly. Oh!
So male birds are sometimes up in treetops, just like having a Lady Gaga spotlight moment. How do they get into the treetops? Good question. Flight feathers, of course. So how are birds achieving all of our wildest dreams and soaring through the air so casually? Well, folks, feathers. That's why we're all here. How are these flight feathers working?
Yeah. So one of the key aspects of a flight feather is that it's asymmetrical. And the way it works is that when air goes over these feathers and over the wing itself, wings are not flat. They're kind of concave. The distance it has to travel going over the wing is shorter than it has to travel going under the wing. And so because of that,
air molecules are going to try and fill that pressure differential that it creates. And actually, that's going to create lift. And so, part of that is actually the structure of these asymmetric feathers. Really? Yeah. And those feathers are probably the most constrained of all bird feathers. So, you think about once you start looking at bird wings, you'll start noticing that even though many other parts of the bird will be many different colors, like
those feathers are never any other color. And that's because one of the types of pigments that color birds' feathers, melanin, melanin is familiar. It's also what colors our hair and our skin. It's very common throughout the animal kingdom. It also provides strength for feathers. And so you almost always see flight feathers, they're going to look almost identical. I mean, not completely, but much more than any other feather on the body. And that's because they're evolved to be so specifically colored.
tailored to be able to provide flight. Wow. And are they, they're usually the darker ones on the bird? Exactly. Yep. So those, that melanin gives them this kind of blackish brown color. Now, what about different color plumages? Like what, what range are we talking?
Like, can they go everything from like opalescent to obviously black? Like what colors have you seen working in feathers? Oh, that's a great question. So one of my favorite topics, bird colors. Birds can come in every color of the rainbow, including colors that we can't see. Really?
Yes. Did you know that other birds can see colors that we can't see? So birds can actually see ultraviolet colors. Can they? They can. I didn't know that. Okay. So we can see, if you think about what is color, it's actually wavelengths of light that are, we have cone cells in our eye that will, you know, be activated or not by certain wavelengths. And that gets translated into our brain as a color.
So we have three types of cones in our eyes that can see from about 400 to 700 nanometers. But birds actually have four types of cones in their eyes. So they have a whole other kind of cone. And that cone resides from about 300 to 400 nanometers. So they can actually see from 300 to 700 nanometers.
So there could be disco birds out there that we have no idea about? There could be. I actually, you know, I brought a few birds out here with me. And one of the birds that I brought was this bird called a palm tanager. So this bird, you look at it, it looks pretty kind of grayish, yellowish, not that exciting. But if you actually look at this plumage using...
what's called a reflectance spectrophotometer, which is a machine that we use to actually objectively measure how much light is coming off of feathers at certain wavelengths. You can see that almost all of the reflectance is in the ultraviolet.
So this bird would be much, much brighter to a bird than it is to us. So it looks kind of like an olive color, like an army green grayish color. Yeah. But it might be just holographic disco bird. I mean, probably not holographic disco.
But it would be quite a bit brighter. Do you think it would be in the green area? Like greenish? So UV is much more like purplish. Okay. Yeah. How come there aren't more blue birds that would blend in with the sky?
Oh, good question. So part of that has to do with how blue is made. There are only two ways that birds can make colors. One is by refracting color off of the structure of their feathers. So that means when light comes in, certain wavelengths might be reflected based on how the feather molecules are shaped. And the other is based on pigments that absorb certain wavelengths of color. Oh, okay. Okay. So color can be straight up pigment or structural. Got it.
So, you know, we talked about melanin. So, browns and blacks, those are all melanin molecules. Melanin is a pigment that absorbs almost all wavelengths of light. There's a pigment called carotenoids, which is the other most common bird pigment. So, this produces almost all oranges, yellows, and reds in birds. But blue in birds is not produced by pigment. It's produced by the feather structure. Oh!
Oh, okay. Yeah. And so, you know, it might be harder to evolve a blue feather structure, for example. Oh, that's so interesting. I never knew that. Okay, so I look this up and it's almost like there's a spongy layer made of keratin and air that sits on top of a melanin layer. And it's the structure of that sponge that throws light in the blue range back.
Now, iridescent colors have a few layers of melanin that scatter light depending on your angle to the sun and the feather. Now, all of this is happening deep inside
in the teeny barbs and barbules to make up birds in all shapes and sizes and degrees of flamboyance. Can I just tell you a quick feather fact that's super cool? Oh, yes! There's like this really unknown but really cool species of bird called a sandgrouse. So there's a species that lives in the desert. And actually, the adult birds have very specialized belly feathers that hold water.
And so they'll fly for like kilometers every day to the watering hole and soak their bellies and then fly back to their baby birds and bring them back these like, you know, water so they can drink it. So they actually like drink the water from the belly of the adult bird. Oh, that's the cutest thing. And they're these really cool looking like spirally feathers if you look at them under a microscope. Okay, yeah. So I looked these up and instead of straight barbs, they're helical, kind of like a curly ribbon on some festive gifters.
Gift wrap. Just slurping up water for the bibis. Now, we're about to get to Patreon questions. So many good ones. But before we do, each week we donate to a charity of theologist's choosing. And this week, Allison chose the Ornithological Council, which is at birdnet.org.oc.
Now, they do a lot of great work to connect ornithologists to the public, including with policymakers. They provide timely information about birds to help ensure scientifically-based decisions and management actions. So a donation went to them, and that was made possible by sponsors of the show, which you may hear about now.
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Okay, and now back to the feather questions that tickle your curiosity. Allison Turrey wants to know, do feathers really carry diseases? Birds do carry diseases, and certainly, like, contact is one of the ways that
diseases get carried. So just like we carry diseases on our hands, I mean, birds carry diseases on their feathers as well. You know, birds also have parasites. They'll have lice, for example, and those can carry diseases. So it is true. You know, thinking about like you find a feather on a ground. Yeah.
I'm not super worried about getting a disease from that because most diseases from birds don't jump to humans, although that's not necessarily true. West Nile virus, for example, maybe don't pick up a dead crow that you see. OK.
Unless you're a museum person. Now, the folks who asked that by the by were Melissa Vono, James Huffstetler, Allison Torrey, Jessica Chamberlain, Kira Goen, and Jesse Dragon. And yes, I checked that out. And I didn't know that West Nile virus is a mosquito transmitted disease that has corvids as a reservoir. That was news to me. Also, let's just make a pact right now. Let's not pick up too much dead stuff right now. Let's keep our hands clean. All right. All right.
Agreed. Appreciate it. Are there certain seasons where you're bound to find more feathers on the ground? Oh, yeah, definitely. During, I'd say transitional times, you know, a lot of birds will, some birds molt in the fall, some birds molt kind of in the spring before breeding season. Generally, you won't find many feathers during the breeding season because birds don't want to do expensive things like feeding young and molt at the same time.
Oh, and by the by, when a feather is molted, how does a new one come in? Well, it grows in as a pin feather or a blood feather. And it looks like a spike. And it's filled with blood to help it grow. And birds have to nip and preen the keratin sheath off of it as it grows. So bird owners, you got to look out for pokey pin feathers as they grow in. Also, understandably, pin feathers are a little sore.
little ouchy. Tanisha Bruneau wants to know, why do birds grow feathers as opposed to fur or hair? That's a great question. And that's due to evolutionary history. So, hair and fur evolved in the lineage of mammals, which, of course, branched off from the common relative of both birds and mammals long before either hair or feathers existed. So, it's
You never know what evolution is going to come up with. But, you know, in the case of mammals, it came up with fur. And in the case of dinosaurs, actually, it came up with feathers and these proto feathers before they came, the complex feathers that we know of today. So just roll of the DNA mutation dice. I would say so. Mo Casey, first time question answer, wants to know, how do waterproof feathers work primarily on puffins? Because they are the cutest, but other waterproof verbs are good, too.
That's true. Yeah. So most feathers on birds are waterproof to some extent. You know, on a bird like a puffin or even a penguin that spends a lot of time, there'll be certain density that's going to make it very difficult for water to go in. So in a bird, you know, kind of on the opposite side of things, a bird called an anhinga, for example, this is a bird that dives underwater that actually has very dense barbs and feather barbules.
And so this actually helps them to dive down because they don't have all the air trapped. But because water will get in, then you see them standing with their wings outstretched. And so cormorants will do this sometimes too. And so they're actually drying themselves up. Oh, Robin Cahoon wants to know, what is up with emu feathers?
and they're double feathers. Do emus have double feathers? Yeah, so the double feather is a feather called an after feather. So that's just true of some birds. Some birds have that. And this is especially true of birds that are flightless. So emus, for example, they can't fly.
Right? Same with cassowaries, kiwis, ostriches. Once you lose that flight constraint, your feathers can do a lot more things because you don't have to worry about being aerodynamic anymore or having these flight feathers. So then they can evolve. You know, a lot of them have lost their hooklets that hook them together. You know, think about like
an emu plumage, they're pretty furry looking. Yeah. It's kind of like hairy. And so that's just because they don't have to fly anymore. So they can use their feathers for other things. Lena Fay, first time question asker, wants to know, when doing stuff like mating dances, how much fine motor control do birds have over their feathers? Like, can they move clusters? Or does it just look like it? That's a good question. So birds do have actually pretty fine control over their feathers. Really?
Not really over individual feathers, but they can control what are called feather tracks. So feathers don't continuously cover a bird's body. I mean, they do when they're all spread out, but the way feathers are grown in specific regions of a bird's body. And so they'll be like these, just like she said, kind of clusters of feathers that they can control together. So they can move them around. Oh, yeah. Yeah. Okay. Miranda Panda wants to know, which bird has the longest feather recorded?
So in terms of any feather, there are breeds of chicken where they have actually bred them to have these incredibly long tails. So I don't remember exactly how long those are. I want to say something like five feet long. Okay, side note. After this interview, we went to the bird hall and I saw this rooster with maybe an eight foot.
foot tail. And of course I took a picture. And also some of these long-tailed fowl can sport a party in the back up to 14 meters or 45 to 50 feet long. And their breeders have to roost them in these special sleeping armoires so they don't tangle up at night because they grow like a meter or so a year. Can you imagine stepping on your own feather tail? I don't even want to think about bird doo-doo in a 35 foot long feather train.
What about the coolest thing about feathers? Like what's the neatest? Like what just like gets you up in the morning? It's just thinking, you know, thinking about the fact that my job is to understand why birds are the color that they are. I mean, how cool is that? Right? I mean, just think about colorful birds. Why are birds this incredible rainbow of, you know, iridescent colors, browns, blacks. We just described a new type of plumage called super black plumage, which is like where the
The way that the barbules are shaped will actually collect more light than just regular feathers. - Wow. - The barbules, instead of just being flat, they're actually thicker and pointed at about a 40 degree angle. And that angle actually captures more light than just, yeah. - Oh, that's amazing. Yeah, it is really velvety. It's so pretty. Thank you so much for talking feathers with me. - Yeah, it's been really fun. My pleasure. - Yay.
So ask smart people stupid questions. Okay, so to learn more about the Natural History Museum of Valley County, you can visit nhm.org. I love them. And to follow Allison, she is at AJSchultz622 on Twitter, and her website is allisonschultz.com, and I will link those in the show notes. More links to videos we talked about and references from each episode are always up
at AllieWard.com on each individual episode page. We are at Ologies on Twitter and Instagram. I'm at AllieWard with one L on both. Also linked is AllieWard.com slash Smologies, which has dozens more kid-safe and shorter episodes you can blaze through. And thank you, Mercedes Maitland of Maitland Audio and Jared Sleeper of Mindjam Media for editing those, as well as Zeke Rodriguez-Thomas.
And since we like to keep things small around here, the rest of the credits are in the show notes. And at the end of the episode, I tell you a piece of advice.
And this week, it's that if you find a feather, you happen upon a feather, what I like to do is glue the tip of it or tape the tip of it onto a pen I already have because it makes writing, for some reason, way more fun. Just writing with a big feather pen, even if it's just a turkey feather that you found. You might want to spray it with a little bit of Lysol or something ahead of time. But yeah, I have a couple pens that are feathers that I found in my backyard. All right, my little birdies. ♪ Small Jays, Small Jays ♪
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