cover of episode Years of Restrictions Didn't Slow China's Quest for Tech Dominance

Years of Restrictions Didn't Slow China's Quest for Tech Dominance

2024/10/31
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Odd Lots

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People
G
Gerard DiPippo
J
Joe Weisenthal
通过播客和新闻工作,提供深入的经济分析和市场趋势解读。
R
Rebecca Choong Wilkins
T
Tracy Elway
Topics
Tracy Elway: 本期节目讨论了中国‘中国制造2025’计划的进展,以及美国为阻止中国科技发展所做的努力。十年过去了,中国在多个科技领域取得了显著进展,并在一些领域成为世界领导者。节目探讨了中国如何衡量该计划的成功,以及未来发展方向。 Joe Weisenthal: 设定明确的目标和截止日期对于评估长期计划的成功至关重要。‘中国制造2025’计划为评估中国在科技领域的进展提供了便利。 Gerard DiPippo: ‘中国制造2025’计划是习近平对中国经济愿景的一部分,旨在发展关键产业以支撑国家发展。该计划是迭代的,并受到其他国家工业政策的影响。与之前的计划不同,‘中国制造2025’计划更全面、更雄心勃勃,目标是引领十个战略性产业的技术发展。该计划涵盖了信息技术、航空航天技术、能源设备、新能源汽车等多个领域。中国政府意识到‘中国制造2025’这一说法在西方引起反感,因此逐渐淡化了这一说法。尽管具体目标有所调整,但其总体框架仍然存在,目标是引领关键技术领域。 Rebecca Choong Wilkins: 西方国家对‘中国制造2025’计划的看法存在分歧。中国认为,西方国家过去对中国产业升级的容忍度有限,只有当中国不与西方国家在高附加值产业竞争时,西方国家才比较宽容。中国日益强调自力更生,这与国家安全密切相关,也是对西方技术制裁的回应。美国对华政策,包括贸易战和将华为列入实体清单,旨在限制中国在关键技术领域的进步。美国对中国的出口管制主要集中在半导体领域,并取得了一定效果,但中国也在努力发展自己的半导体产业。出口管制的效果存在争议,其最初预期的效果可能被低估了。中国在新能源汽车和太阳能电池板领域取得了显著进展,比亚迪等公司已成为全球领导者。中国在无人机和太阳能电池板等领域占据主导地位,并在其他领域取得了进展,但在商用飞机领域仍落后。中国在一些领域已经具备领先地位,这为‘中国制造2025’计划的成功奠定了基础。美国需要降低本国技术的成本,以使其在与中国的竞争中更具竞争力。进口替代战略在国际上效果不佳,但美国作为全球最大的经济体和消费市场,有一定可行性。关税会提高中间产品的成本,从而削弱美国制造业的竞争力。中国政府通过投入大量资源、强调自力更生和推动创新来实现‘中国制造2025’计划的目标。中国日益重视能源安全等国家安全问题,这也在推动其技术发展。量化中国政府对产业的支持政策非常困难,但政府引导基金等政策发挥了重要作用。政府引导基金等政策在‘中国制造2025’计划初期发挥了重要作用,但其作用有所减弱。中国政府对产业政策的引导作用依然显著,政府的政策导向会影响市场资源的配置。中国在新能源汽车领域采取了市场化导向的政策,取得了成功。中国正在淡化‘中国制造2025’这一说法,但其产业政策目标并未改变。外国投资和技术转让对中国技术进步的作用正在下降,中国越来越重视自主创新。中国出口现在主要由本土企业主导,外国投资企业的作用正在减弱。中国企业越来越担心知识产权外泄,这反映了中国技术自主性的提高。经济发展依赖于技术发展,中国和美国都需要提升自身的技术实力。先进技术领域的工作可能并不令人愉快,这可能会影响中国技术发展的社会经济方面。

Deep Dive

Chapters
The episode begins by discussing the origins and goals of China's Made in China 2025 program, which aimed to make China a leader in advanced technology sectors by 2025.
  • Made in China 2025 was launched in 2015 under President Xi's leadership.
  • The program targeted ten strategic sectors including semiconductors, AI, and electric vehicles.
  • It was inspired by Germany's Industry 4.0 plan and aimed to move China up the value chain.

Shownotes Transcript

 In 2015, China identified several key industries of the future for which it aimed to compete at the technological frontier. The 'Made in China 2025' plan included expansion in things like EVs, solar power, batteries, semiconductors, AI, and drones. But now, 2025 is almost here and China's progress has been remarkable across several of these categories. In fact, it's the world leader in some of these industries (like EVs and solar), and it's catching up in others. In this episode we speak with Bloomberg News reporter, Rebecca Choong Wilkins, as well as Gerard DiPippo, senior geoeconomics analyst at Bloomberg Economics. The two of them were part of a team that took a major look at the status of Made In China 2025 (a name that isn't really even used that much anymore). We discuss how much progress China has made despite efforts from the US over the last several years to impede its ambitions, and how it's judging the success of the program.

Read More:US Efforts to Contain Xi’s Push for Tech Supremacy Are Faltering)How American Tax Breaks Brought a Chinese Solar Energy Giant to Ohio)

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