Grandiose narcissism is characterized by high self-esteem, assertiveness, and leadership, often associated with a sense of entitlement and antagonism. Vulnerable narcissism, on the other hand, is marked by low self-esteem, hypersensitivity to criticism, and a hidden sense of grandiosity, often accompanied by envy and social isolation.
Narcissism decreases with age due to a linear decline across the lifespan, starting as early as eight years old and continuing until around 77. This decline suggests that individuals become less narcissistic as they age, though the rank order of narcissism among individuals remains relatively stable.
While some argue that social media fosters narcissism by encouraging self-promotion, research by Jean Twenge suggests that social media may actually lead to a decrease in narcissistic traits. This is because social media can increase self-consciousness and anxiety, which may reduce self-esteem and narcissistic behavior.
Narcissistic personality disorder is relatively rare, with prevalence estimates ranging from close to 0% to 5% in the general population. This is much lower than rates of depression or anxiety, which are more common mental health conditions.
Narcissism scores declined after the Great Recession, likely due to a shift in societal focus from individual success to collective challenges. Economic downturns may reduce a sense of entitlement and antagonism, leading to a more communal mindset and lower narcissistic tendencies.
The myth of Cincinnatus is about a Roman leader who, despite being called to serve during a crisis, promptly resigned after resolving the issue to return to his humble life. This contrasts with modern narcissism, where individuals often seek power and recognition for personal gain rather than civic duty.
Brene Brown defines narcissism as the 'shame-based fear of being ordinary.' This means that narcissists often engage in grandiosity and self-promotion to mask their underlying fear of not being special or extraordinary.
The two main subtypes of narcissism are grandiose and vulnerable. Grandiose narcissists exhibit high self-esteem, assertiveness, and leadership, often with a sense of entitlement. Vulnerable narcissists, however, have low self-esteem, are hypersensitive to criticism, and hide a secret sense of grandiosity, often accompanied by envy and social isolation.
Antagonism is a common trait in both forms of narcissism because it involves a zero-sum view of relationships, where one's success is seen as another's loss. This trait manifests as rivalry, entitlement, arrogance, and a tendency to exploit or deceive others.
Agentic extroversion is a key component of grandiose narcissism, characterized by assertiveness, leadership, high self-esteem, and a proactive approach to life. This trait allows individuals to pursue greatness and take bold actions, often leading to success in leadership roles.
What’s the difference between narcissism and high self-esteem? Does social media fuel arrogance or self-consciousness? And do people get less toxic with age?
SOURCES:
Brené Brown), research professor at the University of Houston and visiting professor in management at the University of Texas at Austin.
Jonathan Haidt), professor of social psychology at the New York University Stern School of Business.
Michael Lewis), author.
Cooper McAllister), senior consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton.
Jean Twenge), professor of psychology at San Diego State University.
RESOURCES:
"‘Narcissistic Abuse’ Has Gone Mainstream. But What Is It?)" Abby Ellin (*The Washington Post, *2024).
"Development of Narcissism Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analytic Review of Longitudinal Studies)," by Ulrich Orth, Samantha Krauss, and Mitja D. Back (*Psychological Bulletin, *2024).
The Anxious Generation: How the Great Rewiring of Childhood Is Causing an Epidemic of Mental Illness)*, *by Jonathan Haidt (2024).
"America Is Obsessed With Narcissists. Is Trump to Blame?)" by Charles Trepany (*USA Today, *2024).
"Narcissism Today: What We Know and What We Need to Learn)," by Joshua D. Miller, Mitja D. Back, Donald R. Lynam, and Aidan G. C. Wright (*Current Directions in Psychological Science, *2021).
"Egos Deflating With the Great Recession: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis and Within-Campus Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, 1982–2016)," by Jean M. Twenge, Sara H. Konrath, Cooper McAllister, et al. (*Personality and Individual Differences, *2021).
"Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Diagnostic and Clinical Challenges)," by Eve Caligor, Kenneth N. Levy, and Frank E. Yeomans (*American Journal of Psychiatry, *2015).
Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled — and More Miserable Than Ever Before)*, *by Jean Twenge (2006).
Cincinnatus and the Citizen-Servant Ideal: The Roman Legend's Life, Times, and Legacy)*, *by Michael J. Hillyard (2001).
EXTRAS:
"Is Screen Time as Poisonous as We Think?)" by *Freakonomics Radio *(2024).
"Do 'Generations' Mean Anything?)" by *No Stupid Questions *(2023).
"Is Pride the Worst Sin?)" by *No Stupid Questions *(2023).
The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine)*, *by Michael Lewis (2010).