Adolescents need status and respect because their brains become sensitized to social experiences post-puberty. This need is rooted in evolutionary survival, where young individuals must prove their social contribution to the group to ensure their place.
The three roles are the mentor mindset, the enforcer mindset, and the protector mindset. The mentor mindset combines high standards with supportive influence, the enforcer mindset focuses solely on high standards without support, and the protector mindset offers high support but with low standards.
Adults may struggle because of a cultural belief in neurobiological incompetence, which suggests that adolescents' brains are immature and they cannot be expected to perform at adult levels. This belief makes the mentor mindset seem impractical or ineffective.
The three steps are transparency, questioning, and selling a vision of purpose. Transparency involves explaining actions and intentions clearly. Questioning means engaging in collaborative troubleshooting rather than providing direct answers. Selling a vision of purpose involves framing challenges as opportunities to contribute to broader well-being.
Transparency in feedback helps by making the intentions behind the feedback clear, which reduces the likelihood of students feeling unfairly treated or misunderstood. This approach encourages students to revise their work and learn from the feedback, particularly benefiting marginalized students who might otherwise feel targeted.
Collaborative troubleshooting is important because it positions the adult as a resource rather than an authority dispensing solutions. This approach fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills in adolescents, making them more likely to engage with and learn from the feedback or guidance provided.
Framing challenges with a sense of purpose motivates adolescents by connecting the difficulty of the task to a broader impact on the world or those they care about. This taps into their desire for status and respect, making them more likely to work diligently and persist through challenges.
David Yeager is a professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin and an expert in behavioral science. He just published a book titled “10 to 25: The Science of Motivating Young People.” He joins KQED's Ki Sung in conversation to share strategies adults can use to get into the best mindset for helping adolescents be their best selves.