词汇提示

1.forniter 边疆

2.wigwams 茅屋

3.measles 麻疹

4.smallpox 天花

5.vanish 消亡

6.canoe fleet 独木舟船队

7.sketches 素描

8.forts 堡垒

9.chief 酋长

10.tribes 部落

原文

Paul Kane, Frontier Artist

Since Christopher Columbus first met American Indians in 1492, many Europeans had been fascinated by Indian life and culture.

As a result, there was a demand in Europe for drawings and paintings of Native Americans.

European artists who had never seen an Indian supplied most of this demand.

But in the nineteenth century, several painters traveled into Indian Territory to make an authentic record of native life.

One of the first artists to do this was the American painter George Catlin.

In 1841, Catlin published a book of his work.

Catlin's work helped inspire another important frontier artist, the Canadian Paul Kane.

Paul Kane was born in Ireland in 1810.

His family moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, when Paul was nine years old.

The young boy was not very interested in school.

At that time, there were still Indians living in wigwams in the Toronto area.

Young Paul liked visiting the Indian village instead of going to school.

Since Paul spent little time in school, he was largely a self-taught artist.

He also became a surprisingly good writer,considering that he had not spent much time studying spelling or grammar.

After working some years making and decorating furniture, Kane was ready to travel.

He spent the years from 1836 to 1841 living and traveling in the United States.

Then he traveled in Europe from 1841 to 1843, studying the great painters of the past.

He was back in the U.S.A. until 1845, and then he returned to Toronto.

Immediately upon his return, Kane headed into the wilderness areas around Georgian Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, and Lake Michigan.

His plan was to sketch Indian life before it disappeared forever.

American Indians were dying so rapidly from European diseases,such as measles and smallpox, that many people believed that they would soon vanish as a race.

Their culture was threatened too.

As white settlers demanded more land,Indians were being herded into small pieces of land called“reservations”.

Here they could no longer practice their traditional way of life.

Kane wanted to capture Native American life while it still existed.

Kane returned to Toronto at the end of 1845.

He had received one good piece of advice and that was if he wanted to travel into the wilderness，he would have to go with experienced people.

He was able to get the support of the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sir George Simpson.

In May 1846, Kane joined the annual canoe fleet of fur traders going west.

Kane would travel all through the wilderness areas of western Canada and northwestern U.S.A.

During this time, he made hundreds of sketches of Indian life.

Although Kane faced incredible hardships during his travels,he was able to see what he wanted to see.

He was able to take part in one of the last great Buffalo hunts and killed two large bison himself.

Traveling west with the fur traders he visited many forts and trading posts.

He saw and painted a prairie fire.

He shot a grizzly bear at close range and killed several wolves that attacked his horses.

He learned to travel long distances on snowshoes in winter.

Finally, he arrived at the Pacific coast, where he made some fine drawings of the west coast Indians.

European diseases had reached there just before Kane.

Fifteen hundred Indians had died near Fort Vancouver in the summer of 1848.

One wealthy chief had ruled 1,000 warriors and had ten wives, four children and eighteen slaves.

Now he had only one wife, one child and two slaves.

Kane had not come too soon.

However, there were tribes still unaffected by western culture and western diseases.

Kane also traveled widely around the Columbia River in northwestern U.S.A.

Everywhere he went, he sketched Indian chiefs and scenes of native life.

On his return trip, he encountered a large war party of 1,500 braves on the warpath against their traditional enemies.

He was able to sketch the leading chief, Big Snake,who was later killed in single combat during the battle.

When he arrived back in Toronto, Kane gave an exhibit of his sketches and watercolors.

Most of the rest of his life was spent turning these drawings into finished paintings.

翻译

保罗·凯恩，边疆艺术家

自1492年克里斯托弗·哥伦布第一次见到美洲印第安人以来，许多欧洲人一直对印第安人的生活和文化着迷。
因此，欧洲对土著美国人的绘素描和绘画有需求。
从未见过印第安人的欧洲艺术家提供了大部分需求。
但在十九世纪，一些画家进入印第安人领土，真实记录当地生活。
美国画家乔治·卡特林是最早这样做的艺术家之一。
1841年，卡特林出版了一本他的著作。
卡特林的作品启发了另一位重要的边疆艺术家，加拿大的保罗·凯恩。
保罗·凯恩1810年出生于爱尔兰。
保罗九岁时，全家搬到加拿大安大略省多伦多。
这个小男孩对学校不太感兴趣。
当时，多伦多地区的维格瓦姆斯仍有印第安人居住。
年轻的保罗喜欢参观印第安人村庄而不是去上学。
由于保罗在学校的时间很少，他基本上是一个自学成才的艺术家。
他还成为了一个出人意料的好作家，尽管他没有花多少时间学习拼写或语法。
在制作和装饰家具几年后，凯恩准备旅行。
1836年至1841年，他在美国生活和旅行。
1841年至1843年，他在欧洲旅行，研究过去的伟大画家。
他回到美国直到1845年，然后回到多伦多。
凯恩一回来，就立即前往佐治亚湾附近的荒野地区，玛丽和密歇根湖。
他的计划是在印第安人永远消失之前勾勒出他们的生活。
美洲印第安人正迅速死于麻疹和天花等欧洲疾病，许多人认为他们很快就会作为一个种族消失。
他们的文化也受到了威胁。
随着白人定居者要求更多的土地，印第安人被放逐到称为“保留地”的小块土地上。
在这里，他们无法再实践他们的传统生活方式。
凯恩想抓住美洲土著人还在时的生活。
凯恩于1845年底返回多伦多。
他收到了一条很好的建议，那就是如果他想去野外旅行，他必须和有经验的人一起去。
他得到了哈德逊湾公司总裁乔治·辛普森爵士的支持。
1846年5月，凯恩加入了每年一度的皮草贸易商向西航行的独木舟船队。
凯恩将穿越加拿大西部和美国西北部的荒野地区。
在此期间，他绘制了数百幅印第安人生活的素描。
尽管凯恩在旅行中遇到了难以置信的困难，但他能够看到他想看到的东西。
他参加了最后一次大型野牛狩猎，并亲自杀死了两只大野牛。
他和毛皮商人一起向西旅行，参观了许多堡垒和贸易站。
他看到并画了一场草原大火。
他近距离射杀了一只灰熊，并杀死了几只袭击他的马的狼。
他在冬天学会了穿雪鞋长途旅行。
最后，他来到了太平洋海岸，在那里他画了一些西海岸印第安人的精美图画。
就在凯恩之前，欧洲疾病已经蔓延到了那里。
1848年夏天，1500名印度人在温哥华堡附近死亡。
一位富有的酋长曾统治着1000名战士，有十个妻子、四个孩子和十八个奴隶。
现在他只有一个妻子，一个孩子和两个奴隶。
凯恩来得不够早。
然而，仍有一些部落没有受到西方文化和西方疾病的影响。
凯恩还广泛游历了美国西北部的哥伦比亚河。
无论走到哪里，他都会勾勒出印第安酋长和当地生活的场景。
在返程途中，他遇到了一支由1500名勇士组成的大型作战队伍，他们正在与传统敌人作战。
他画出了首领大蛇的素描，大蛇后来在一场战斗中被杀。
当他回到多伦多时，凯恩展示了他的素描和水彩画。
他余生的大部分时间都在把这些画变成成品画。

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Level 4-Day 11.Paul Kane, Frontier Artist