词汇提示

1.pamphlets 手册

2.circulated 流通

3.dispatch 电讯

4.illustration 插图

5.pioneer 先驱

6.sensational 轰动的

7.imitated 模仿

8.gossip 八卦

9.horoscope 星座

原文

Newspapers

All the great cities in the world now have newspapers.

But newspapers, as we know them today, are not that old.

The very first newspapers began long after the invention of printing.

They started in Europe in the 1600s, and were usually only a couple of pages long.

For a long time, newspapers were not very common.

Governments didn't want public discussion of their policies and decisions.

Often they closed down papers, or taxed them heavily.

The "Stamp Tax" on newspapers and pamphlets was one of the causes of the American Revolution.

Newspapers began to grow in size when they discovered advertising as a source of income.

Nowadays, advertising is the main revenue source for most newspapers.

As newspapers became more widely circulated, they could ask for more money for their advertisements.

By the late eighteenth century, newspapers were in common use in Europe.

The 1800s and early 1900s was the golden age of newspapers.

Improvements in transportation, communication and printing processes made it easier to collect news from near and far and to publish papers more quickly and more cheaply.

The Weekly Dispatch and the Times, both of London, England, were leading newspapers through much of the 1800s.

The Times was one of the first papers to include illustrations.

It was the first newspaper to use a steam engine to turn the presses.

When the tax on newspapers was reduced in 1836, the Times was able to increase its size considerably.

In 1840, it began to use the telegraph to collect news stories.

In 1855 the tax on newspapers was finally lifted.

The Times made its greatest reputation during the Crimean War between Britain and Russia.

British armies, fighting in Russia's Crimean Peninsula, were not only unsuccessful in the war, but were suffering severely from illnesses.

The Times sent out the world's first war correspondent, William Howard Russell, in 1854.

His reports from the battle lines had a powerful effect on the British public.

A War Fund was organized to help the soldiers

Russell forced the government to accept the offer of Florence Nightingale to organize nurses to travel to Crimea.

A photographer, Roger Fenton, sent back photos from the war, which were published in the Times.

Meanwhile in America, a more popular approach to newspapers had developed.

The newspaper had spread west with the pioneers, and nearly every little settlement had its own paper.

American newspapers were cheaper and livelier than British ones.

They were aimed at the average person, rather than the governing class.

Examples of the new style of editing and publishing were Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.

Hearst, especially, employed sensational and emotional writing, which aimed at stirring up the public to action.

Hearst is sometimes accused of starting the Spanish-American War of 1898 with his over-heated editorials.

Nonetheless, his methods were successful in raising circulation and were widely imitated.

The modern newspaper contains more than hard news.

In fact, news may be a fairly small part of it.

Advertisements, gossip, show business, photos of celebrities, sports, stock market prices,horoscopes, comic strips, weather reports and much more are found in its pages.

The modern newspaper is a total entertainment package.

A question for the future is whether electronic newspapers will replace paper newspapers.

翻译

报纸

世界上所有的大城市现在都有报纸。
但报纸，正如我们今天所知，并没有那么古老。
最早的报纸是在印刷术发明很久之后开始的。
它们始于17世纪的欧洲，通常只有几页长。
在很长一段时间里，报纸并不常见。
政府不希望公众讨论他们的政策和决定。
他们经常关闭报纸，或对其征收重税。
报纸和小册子上的“印花税”是美国革命的原因之一。
当报纸发现广告是一种收入来源时，它们的规模开始扩大。
如今，广告是大多数报纸的主要收入来源。
随着报纸的传播越来越广泛，他们可以为广告索要更多的钱。
到了十八世纪末，报纸在欧洲已普遍使用。
19世纪和20世纪初是报纸的黄金时代。
运输、通信和印刷流程的改进使从远近收集新闻变得更加容易，并以更快、更低廉的价格发表论文。
英国伦敦的《周报》和《泰晤士报》在19世纪的大部分时间里都是领先的报纸。
《泰晤士报》是最早刊登插图的报纸之一。
这是第一家使用蒸汽机转动印刷机的报纸。

1836年，当报纸税降低时，《泰晤士报》得以大幅扩大其规模。
1840年，它开始使用电报收集新闻报道。
1855年，报纸税终于取消了。
《泰晤士报》在英国和俄罗斯之间的克里米亚战争中享有盛誉。
在俄罗斯克里米亚半岛作战的英国军队不仅在战争中失败，而且还患有严重的疾病。
1854年，《泰晤士报》派出了世界第一任战地记者威廉·霍华德·罗素。
他在前线的报道对英国公众产生了巨大的影响。
一个战争基金被组织了来帮助士兵
拉塞尔迫使政府接受弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔组织护士前往克里米亚的提议。
摄影师罗杰·芬顿（RogerFenton）发回了《泰晤士报》上刊登的战争照片。
与此同时，在美国，一种更受欢迎的报业方式已经形成。
报纸随着拓荒者向西传播，几乎每个小定居点都有自己的报纸。
美国报纸比英国报纸更便宜、更生动。
他们的目标是普通人，而不是统治阶级。
约瑟夫·普利策（JosephPulitzer）和威廉·伦道夫·赫斯特（WilliamRandolphHearst）就是这种新编辑出版风格的例子。
赫斯特尤其采用了耸人听闻和情绪化的写作，旨在激起公众的行动。
赫斯特有时被指控以其过于激烈的社论发动1898年的美西战争。
尽管如此，他的方法成功地提高了发行量，并被广泛模仿。
现代报纸包含的不仅仅是硬新闻。
事实上，新闻可能只是其中相当小的一部分。
广告、八卦、演艺事业、名人照片、体育、股市价格、星座、连环漫画、天气预报等等都可以在其页面上找到。
现代报纸是一个完全的娱乐包。
未来的问题是电子报纸是否会取代纸质报纸。

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Level 4-Day 10.Newspapers