Emotions 2.0: What's Better than Being Happy?
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This is Hidden Brain. I'm Shankar Vedanta. In 1863, a terrible plague descended on the famed vineyards of France. Tiny sap-sucking insects attacked the roots and leaves of grapevines. The pests destroyed thousands of acres. What turned the problem into a calamity was that French vineyards were mainly planted with a monoculture, a single species of grape that had little natural resistance to the insect hordes.

It turns out that there are other kinds of species, for example, in the U.S. that were not so affected, that developed natural resistance to that pest. But that was not the case of the French vineyard. This is researcher Jordi Cuadba. He said the destruction continued for years and threatened the very existence of the French wine industry. Eventually, though, French winemakers found a solution, adding diversity to the grapevines under cultivation.

They started grafting their native vines onto American plants, which had evolved to resist the insects. By increasing the biological variety of the plants, the French wine industry rose again. To me, the takeaway of this story is that by introducing more diversity, you're actually making your environment more resilient and more likely to succeed in the long run. ♪

Today, we extend this idea from ecology to the world of psychology. Specifically, we examine the effects of having a variety of emotions in our daily lives. This episode is part of our Emotions 2.0 series. We've previously explored the power of collective emotions, the complicated psychology of pride, and the benefits of mixed emotions. If you missed any of those episodes, please listen to them in this podcast feed.

This week on Hidden Brain, many of us go to great lengths to be happy, reading books, devouring podcasts, even joining cults that promise to set us on the path to joy and fulfillment. But is our singular focus on positive emotions actually good for us? Or does it set us up for calamity?

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As humans, we are wired to seek the pleasant and avoid the unpleasant. At the Asare Business and Law School in Barcelona, Spain, psychologist Jordi Quadbach has spent many years studying what happens when we try to live in an emotional monoculture. Jordi Quadbach, welcome to Hidden Brain. Thank you, Shankar. It's a pleasure to be here.

A number of years ago, Jordi, you were hit with some powerful emotions around the time that you and your wife were starting a family. I understand that you had long wanted to be a dad. Yeah, my partner, she got pregnant and we were both excited about it. And sadly, you know, around three months, she had a miscarriage. So we were both devastated by the news. But at the same time,

It turns out that on the following day, we had been invited to visit close friends of ours that just had a baby. And so we were invited to meet the baby and have dinner with them. I'm wondering if you can describe for me what that evening was like when you went over. You're carrying this very heavy news in your own hearts, but you're also there to celebrate a very happy moment in the lives of your friends. What was that like that evening?

It was very difficult because, I mean, we had just lost maybe not a baby, but at least, you know, the prospect of a baby. And we're there to celebrate their newborn. And so we didn't want to ruin their fun and their joy. And so we just tried very hard to change our emotions and to be excited for them. I'm wondering, did you bring up at all with your friends what had happened to you and your partner? So we didn't bring it up.

We felt that bringing this sad story on a happy day for them, we just thought that it would ruin the mood. I think we did a really good job at like suppressing these emotions to try to be excited for our friends. And that took a toll. And I'm assuming you were actually genuinely happy for your friends. I mean, that was also true. I mean, you must have been very happy that your friends had this newborn in their lives.

Yeah, we were very excited. And then the newborn was absolutely cute and delightful. It's hard not to feel warm, fuzzy feelings when you have, you know, a newborn in your home. So it was so paradoxical what we were experiencing. Jordi noticed that as he and his partner suppressed their feelings, it changed the way they behaved. I think it prevented us from being fully present that evening, you know,

You know, every time a negative thought would pop into my head, I would need to sort of step out of the present moment and exert some mental effort to bottle it down. So there was definitely like a short-term sort of negative effect of suppressing or sadness, sorrow. But I think there was also longer-term consequences of that because it turns out that on the following day, again, we could not fully experience our sadness anymore.

Because we had this trip planned to Japan with a group of friends. And, you know, everybody was super excited to go to Japan. And we didn't want to ruin the fun again for everyone. So we did not share that experience. And we went on a two-week vacation. And we didn't talk about what happened for two weeks. So you didn't tell the friends that you were on vacation with what had happened?

So we didn't tell them what had happened, but it also didn't almost talk about the event between ourselves, me and my partner. It's like we're just trying to ignore our feelings so that we could enjoy our vacation. And I recall that during the trip, the mood between me and my partner was not that great. So we were able to sort of to showcase your friends, you know, excitement and for the Japanese adventures.

But we had a lot of like tiny little conflicts and, you know, passive-aggressive interaction during the trip. And in the following month, we didn't talk about having another shot at having a baby. It's almost like because we did not allow ourselves to experience the emotions, and in a way that was now maybe too late to have these emotions, it was a month later, we couldn't fully process the event. And I think it took me and her...

probably three, four months before we started talking about it. So more recently, Jordi, a friend of yours came to you with some painful feelings of his own. Can you tell me what he was distressed about? Yes, a good friend of mine who had moved out of love for his girlfriend to Spain and had a recent kid, a newborn, got dumped out of the blue. And he didn't really know why, unfortunately.

His partner left him. He was suspecting that she had met someone else. That was sort of the only thing that made sense for him. And so he was very suspicious, very jealous. And he talked about this, you know, suspicion and sort of jealousy in great length.

And my reaction was sadly the typical sort of bro reaction, trying to say like, look, you know, it's probably not a big deal. She'll probably be back. Don't worry about it. Don't stress about it. There's no reason to be jealous and so forth.

And I even sort of caught myself pulling my phone and showing my friend this brand new dating app that my students were talking about, right? Trying to say, hey, plenty of fish in the sea. And then he sort of hit me. I was not at all listening to his emotions. And I was trying to provide solutions that he didn't ask me for.

And I'm wondering, Jordi, if you can just articulate what you were trying to do for your friend when you were trying to turn him out of this blue mood and turn him to more cheerful thoughts. What were you trying to do?

I was naturally trying to make him feel better. I thought that if he could just ignore his jealousy, rationalize his jealousy away, and look at the bright side, you know, all the potential mates out there for him, that would make him feel better and solve the situation. I'm wondering, did it have the same effect on him that you thought it was going to have? It didn't. Uh,

I think he might have gotten frustrated and you know, he came back repeating the same suspicion, the same jealousy and so forth. So I don't think we were like really connecting to each other.

So this makes me think about the 2004 movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. That movie also wrestles with similar themes. In the movie, a character named Joel, who's played by Jim Carrey, is consumed by painful emotions after breaking up with his girlfriend Clementine, who's played by Kate Winslet. That's when he hears a doctor describe a potential treatment for his grief.

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So Joel goes through with the procedure, and I think a lot of people watching the movie might imagine that they too would choose to erase painful memories if they had the choice. Why do you think this fictional scenario is so compelling to us, Jordi? Yeah, I love the premise of the movie because it really resonates with a natural tendency we have, which is to avoid emotional pain, right? And this is a very extreme version of it, but I think in everyday life,

We do this kind of procedure all the time. We drink sometimes too much because we don't want to feel anxiety or sadness. We avoid asking for a raise, even though we should probably ask for it because we don't want to experience fear. And so there's many, many ways in which we avoid experiencing unpleasant emotions. And at the end of the day, I think this avoidance creates even more problems.

You raise a really interesting point just now, Jody, which is that we all in some ways have our own internal surgical techniques to remove these unpleasant emotions. We're not using scalpel and lasers, but we have these mechanisms to push these unpleasant feelings away. We do, and I think

You know, most of the time, that's a healthy way to deal with unpleasant feelings, right? So if I'm stressed before an interview with you, Shankar, I might watch a fun movie to sort of distract myself from these unpleasant feelings. And it's probably adaptive. I think the problem is when we chronically start avoiding unpleasant feelings,

As I said, you know, it could be by drinking, it could be by avoiding situations altogether. And that's where you start to see that the avoidance, experiential avoidance as therapists call it, starts to create even bigger problems than the emotion itself. Jordi and his partner thought the best thing to do with their sadness was to push it away. When a friend brought painful feelings to Jordi, he thought the way to help was to highlight the positive.

The characters in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind went so far as to completely erase negative emotions from their memories. When we come back, the value of what psychologists call emotional diversity. You're listening to Hidden Brain. I'm Shankar Vedantam. Support for Hidden Brain comes from Lumen. Lumen is the world's first handheld metabolic coach. It's a device that measures your metabolism through your breath.

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This is Hidden Brain. I'm Shankar Vedantam. Given the choice, most of us would rather feel good than feel bad. But could there be a reason to invite in all kinds of emotions into our lives?

At Asare Business and Law School in Barcelona, Spain, psychologist Jordi Quadback studies what happens when we stop trying to keep unhappiness from entering our lives. Jordi, farmers and ecologists have long known about the value of biodiversity in nature. I understand that you have borrowed this concept from biology and applied it to the study of human emotion. Tell me about the idea of emotional diversity.

So emotional diversity or emo diversity, as we call it, is the richness and relative abundance of the emotions that we experience every day. And this really comes from research in biology and ecology showing that more diverse environments, both in terms of how many different kinds of species there is, but also how evenly distributed these species are in the environment, tend to be more resilient and

So I started looking at the way we could capture this diversity and this idea of richness and balance of emotion. And it turns out that there are thousands of papers in ecology that do that. And the formulas and models to capture biodiversity, which you can apply to emotions. You can see...

you know, how many emotions or what is the intensity of the most dominant emotions in a person's life? Are people experiencing a wide range of emotions or is their experience concentrated on a couple feelings? I'm fascinated by the idea that you're not just using the metaphor of biological diversity. You're actually borrowing from the science of biological diversity here.

Yeah, we borrowed the tools of ecologists. There are actually many different ways to compute diversity, and some ecologists would focus on richness. That is, how many different types of species can I encounter when I sample a forest for two days?

And that could be, you know, the number of distinct emotions that a person experience. But other ecologists might be more concerned about the relative balance or abundance of emotions, right? It doesn't matter if there's like 10 different species, if 95% of the individuals in the ecosystem are from one species in particular. And so you can start looking at these two facets of diversity. And I think that leads to also interesting insights when it comes to our emotional life.

So you and your colleagues have used these measures to study a large number of volunteers, and you find that having a greater range of emotions can produce tangible effects. What is the effect of emotional diversity or emo diversity on physical health, Jordi?

So we got access to the Belgian social security data. And it turns out that every year, the Belgian government sends a survey asking people all kinds of questions about their health habits, their medical consumption and so forth. And they also included a measure of emotions. And what we found was that, you know, beyond the average level of positive or negative emotions that people experience,

the richness and sort of the evenness of their emotional lives also predicted their health. And in particular, we found very tangible relationships between emo diversity and often people went to the doctor. The average person

consumption of drugs and prescriptions that they had that year, the number of days they spent at the hospital. So this was not self-reported health. This was data that was quantified by the insurance company and the Belgian government. I understand, Jordi, that your research has examined the effects of emotional diversity on mental health. What have you found?

So for mental health, we found similar effects. We find that people with more diverse emotional lives tend to report lower levels of depression. One thing that really surprised us in the results is that it's not only experiencing a broad range of positive emotions, but it was also the case for negative emotions alone. So negative emotion diversity was also

a predictor of mental health. In other words, imagine that you experienced like three hours of negative emotions this week. Well, it seems that it might be better off for you to experience one hour of sadness, one hour of anxiety, and one hour of anger than three hours of one of this emotion alone, right? Three hours of sadness or three hours of anger only.

Besides these effects on physical and mental health, you've also examined how the experience of emotional diversity shapes how people make decisions. Tell me about this research. That's fascinating. This is very recent work from my lab, and we find that people who experience greater emotion diversity tend to make better decisions. So, for example, if you recruit participants...

And we asked them to report a current choice that they were facing, a decision they needed to make in the next couple of days. And people wrote about all kinds of things from, you know, what elective to choose to their choice of roommate, their choice of romantic partners and so forth. And then in one condition, we said, what's the main emotion that you're experiencing here? And give us three reasons why you feel that way.

In the other condition, the high emo diversity condition, you say like, what are three distinct emotions that you experienced while considering this decision? And then we let them be for two weeks and we call them back and we say, what did you end up deciding? And how satisfied are you with your decision? People we had asked to contemplate many emotions were actually more satisfied with what they ended up choosing.

And it's not only personal choices. We've replicated these findings with objective measures of decision-making quality. So you can see how biased they are in terms of confirmation bias. And it turns out that when people are asked to write down three distinct emotions that they feel when considering a decision, they end up being less biased. And we also find that people who have

you know, higher emo diversity tend to be more satisfied with their lives, also suggesting that they might be making better choices. I'd like to look at some of the reasons why emotional diversity might have these benefits. In nature, Jordi, in ecology, we know that diverse environments are a source of resilience. Do we find the same thing in our psychological lives?

That's one intriguing possibility, right? It could be that having a diverse emotional life prevents one single emotion from dominating our mental life, right? So if you're feeling sad and angry, it might be less pleasant, but that anger might prevent you from spiraling down into inaction and depression.

And I think the same analogy goes maybe for positive emotions, right? So we know that we're extremely prone to adapt to positive things that happen into our lives. But if our positive emotions are diverse, you go on that vacation and you experience, you know, gratitude and amusement and awe and all kinds of positive feelings and love. This might also make it more resilient to hedonic adaptation of emotions.

So in other words, if you're having a range of different positive emotions, you're less likely to get used to any one of those positive emotions. And if you're having presumably a mix of positive and negative emotions, you know, your plane is delayed and that's a source of frustration. But when you get to your destination, it's really awe-inspiring. The fact that you are stuck on the plane, on the tarmac for three hours, now makes the mountain even more beautiful because you had to pay a price to actually get there.

That's exactly the idea. And interestingly, we're doing some field research right now with high-end restaurants in Norway. And we're experimenting with inducing emotions during the meal. So this is a crazy restaurant where they have a planetarium dome-like ceiling. And so you can project emotions

movies that induce some sort of emotions while people are having dinner. Just to give you an example, you might eat chicken sewers and at the same time they're projecting a chicken slaughter factory, which is very disturbing. And what we find was that if all the sceneries and videos are pleasant, people have a great meal, but they're much less likely to sort of remember it and talk about it.

and want to repeat the experience, that if we inject negative emotions into the experience, and like a disgusting scene in a seven or eight course meal.

I mean, in some ways, there's a connection here almost with cuisine itself, right? So imagine a dish that has only salt in it or a dish that has only pepper in it. That's going to be a much more boring dish than a dish, in fact, that has a variety of different tastes in it. And in some ways, it makes sense that a range of different emotions actually as we're eating can actually heighten the richness of our meals. Absolutely. Variety is the spice of life, as they say.

What's the connection between emotional diversity and authenticity, Jordi? Yeah, another possibility is that

Emo diversity is almost like a byproduct of adaptive personality traits. So people are open to experience, they're open to feelings, they're authentic, they have some sort of self-awareness of what's going on in their lives, might be more keen on reporting a broader range of emotions. That's interesting, but to me, that doesn't fully explain why when we get people to

think about different emotions that they're experiencing in a situation, we see effects on their decision making and they're making better decisions. So another possibility, and that's my personal maybe favorite, is that emotions are messengers. Emotions really are information about what's going on in our lives and what we should do next.

And by experiencing a broader range of emotion, we have more flexibility in choosing what to do next and we choose wiser. So to give you an example, right, if I'm feeling extremely proud of myself, I just achieved something at work. Pride might motivate me to work even harder, to take on a new project, to achieve even more.

If I'm feeling grateful, that might be the opposite, right? I want to give credit to other people and my gratitude might motivate me to, you know, express my thanks to other people. In both cases, if I only have one emotion, I might work myself too hard and exhaust myself down the line. Or I might always sort of put myself in the background, never take a chance to, you know, maybe...

take the lead on a project and take credit for the work that I do. But if I experience the two, my response might be more adapted and flexible, right? I might take on new challenges while acknowledging the team, if you see what I mean.

I mean, I love the metaphor of emotions as messengers, Jordi. And I'm thinking about somebody who might be a president or a prime minister. And you're sitting in your office and messengers are coming to you from different parts of your country with messages about what's happening in your country. But you're the kind of president or prime minister who doesn't want to hear negative news. And so you kill all of those messengers and you only listen to the people who are telling you how great everything is.

that can make you feel good in the present, but it has a real risk because at this point now, you're completely blindsided to any problems that you're having in your country, and that might make your reign somewhat short-lived. That's an excellent analogy, and I want to take it one step further. So it's not only just like listening to the positive news and not the negative messenger, but it's also, are you always listening to the same messenger among the ones that bring you positive news, or are you listening to everyone?

Jordy, you also say that another reason emotional diversity might be beneficial is that well-differentiated emotional states can give us more precise information about the world. What do you mean by this? Well, imagine that, you know, something bad happens. Maybe at work, a colleague made a comment and you're not feeling great about it. If you're just feeling bad,

it doesn't really tell you much about how you should react, right? But if you pause and you ask yourself, okay, I'm feeling bad, but how bad? Like, what is it? Am I irritated? Am I, you know, sad? Am I envious of that colleague? Like, what is it? No, depending on the answer and the specific feeling, you have options to respond. If it's frustration, you might confront the person, right?

If it's sadness, you might do something that cheers you up. You have more flexibility.

I mean, and it's interesting, I think, when we talk about our emotions, we often have this tendency to lump all of the positive emotions and all of the negative emotions into one bucket. You know, someone asks you how you're doing, you say, I feel great. Or you say, I'm not feeling great. And of course, what you lose with that is that you're actually collapsing probably a dozen different emotions into one bucket without actually looking to see what specific messages am I getting from the different emotions.

Absolutely. I mean, take fear and anger. They've been studied quite a bit in judgment and decision making. They have opposite effect on or tendencies to act, right? So if you're experiencing fear, you might be more risk averse. You are more cautious in your estimate, right?

If you're experiencing anger, you tend to take more risk. You tend to be more confident in your judgment. So they're both unpleasant emotions, but they have completely different action tendencies. And I think by being able to sort of explore with a lot of precision what we're experiencing, we now have a better, we have better material to make a decision. Our emotions aren't just there to be felt.

The reasons we have emotions in the first place is that they are designed to shape our behavior. When we come back, how to use emotions, both good and bad, to help us move toward what we most want in life. You're listening to Hidden Brain. I'm Shankar Vedanta.

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You'll find workouts for every mood. Are you looking for an early morning run or a late night hike? Peloton has you covered, no matter your mood or when you want to move. Find your push. Find your power with Peloton at onepeloton.com. This is Hidden Brain. I'm Shankar Vedantam. When someone comes to you with a tale of woe and wants to share why they are sad, is your first impulse to hear them out or to fix the problem to make them less sad?

Many of us, with the best of intentions, try to make our partners and friends feel less sad. But psychologist Jordi Quadbach says we may be making a mistake.

Jordi, you say that rather than suppress or deny our negative feelings, we should use these emotions as sources of information. Now, one way to do this is to examine the different strains that our emotions come in to identify multiple distinct emotions. Back in your grad school days, I understand that a friend of yours once helped you to do this. Can you tell me that story, Jordi?

So back in grad school, I had what I thought was the brilliant idea to use the university intranet to advertise one of my studies. So I sent an email to the mailing list asking for volunteers to participate in my survey. Now that mailing list went to everyone from the dean to the head of departments to the janitor, 5,000 workers at the university.

And I published my survey, but it wasn't working. I could not get any sort of confirmation message that the email was sent. So I clicked, pressed again and again and again. And I did it probably like nine or 10 times before I gave up. I went to bed and the next morning I opened my inbox and there were like 300 and something angry emails from professors, top executives in the school,

complaining about me harassing them and being really nasty about it. And I felt terrible. So in other words, all the messages actually did go out. All the messages did go out. And so 5,000 people working at the universities at all levels had received 10 messages of me asking them to participate in my survey. And I was this, you know, young grad student. It felt horrible.

And, you know, some of these messages were nasty. I remember one top medical professor sending me 10 angry messages in a row. Oh, my God. Just sort of as a payback.

And so I started spending hours and hours that day replying to every single angry email, apologizing, trying to explain that I didn't do it on purpose and I was so sorry to waste their time and so forth. And I was feeling extremely guilty. And that guilt was sort of motivating me to try to repair my mistake by apologizing over and over to all of these emails.

Now, later that night, I went for dinner with a friend who's a psychiatrist, and I was telling him the story, and he did the math. He's like, Jordy, you know, there's 5,000 people roughly working at the university. You got over 300 emails of people complaining. That's about the prevalence of psychopaths in the general population. So, you know. And...

It sort of hit me. These people emailing me, they're emailing a poor grad student to insult him because they wasted five seconds to put my messages in their trash box. It didn't make any sense. And so I think I went from guilt to experiencing mainly anger towards these professors.

And that changed everything because guilt motivated me to apologize and spend hours, you know, engaging with some of these people would reply back, still angry and so forth. But no anger, you know, was motivating me to do something else, which is like, screw these people. So I wrote a short email to the rector apologizing, promising I would never use the mailing list again to recruit participants and turned off my computer for a week.

And life went on. There was no negative consequences. And probably if I had engaged with all these angry people one by one, the negative consequences would have lasted much longer.

So this is a really powerful example from your life, Jordi. But I'm wondering, what advice would you have for listeners in terms of how they can identify the different emotions they might be experiencing in any given situation, or even perhaps the different emotions they might be justified in experiencing in any given situation? So I think we can ask ourselves two powerful questions. The first one is, what flavor of

emotion am I experiencing right now? I'm feeling bad. What flavor of bad? Well, I'm annoyed. Okay, what flavor of annoyed? Well, I'm irritated. All right. Then the second question is, what else am I experiencing? Is this just irritation? Well, no, I'm also a little bit proud of what I did. And I guess I'm irritated I'm not being recognized for what I did. Okay, so now we have more information to work with.

No, I went from feeling bad to having two feelings, you know, pride and annoyance. And I can act on these feelings probably in a more flexible and adaptive way than if I just stuck with, you know, I'm not feeling good.

You know, I once took a drawing class many years ago, and the instructor told us that the most important thing in drawing was to be able to see what it is that we were actually drawing. That most of us look at a tree and we see a tree, but a tree, of course, is not just a tree. You know, it's a set of features

physical structures, it has shape, but it also has light, it has texture, it has color. And your ability to see the tree in all of its granularity really predicts whether you can actually draw the tree. And in many cases, the reason we don't draw as well as we could is we're not seeing the world with the granularity with which

we could see the world. So part of becoming an artist actually involves getting better sight, if you will. And I think what I'm hearing you say is that part of being emotionally healthier is to actually have the same kind of sight when it comes to our emotional lives. You know, one thing is to have a wide range of emotions. That's breath. But I think we also want some depth into our emotion. And we want to be able to be very, very granular, very precise about

in the way we experience things so that we can have more information on what's the best course of action. Emotions prepare us for action.

So anger prepares you to fight the wrongdoing and to stand for your right. Fear prepares you to be cautious and take a step back. Sadness prepares you to sort of, again, slow down and reflect. And so if we're able to

experience different emotions, then we also experience the different action tendencies that goes with these emotions. And they might be upsetting each other, right? Anger might take us too far. Sadness might take us too far. But combined, it's kind of a wisdom of the crowd if you think about information, right? Each individual emotion might be biased, but together, when we sort of average the information they bring, it's pretty accurate.

Jordi says that one way to develop our capacity for emotional granularity is to expand our vocabulary of feeling words. This might include borrowing words from other languages. One of his favorites is the phrase mono no aware, which he picked up while in Japan. It's a term, he says, that captures the feeling we have when looking at something beautiful but fleeting, like the blooms on a cherry tree in the spring.

So imagine watching the cherry blossom and it lasts only for a few days. This sort of realization that, you know, the world is constantly changing and there's beauty in the change. And that concept, actually, now that I have a word for it, makes me pay a lot more attention to my walks into the park in autumn and the leaves and so forth because now I have an emotion word for it. There's another...

Emotion word from Dutch and I'm gonna butcher the name but it twins which is this feeling of being refreshed and That your worries are being blown away by strong wind and rain. Oh, so That's really an emotion that resonates with me and as a matter of fact a few weeks ago I was on my bicycle when a thunderstorm hit and

And it was pouring rain and the battery died. So I was soaked wet with this super heavy bike uphill. And I was about to think that this was the worst day ever. When a little voice in my head is like, oh, this is really...

It's wind, you know, like the wind, the rain on my face. And that changed my experience. I went from being pissed to being like, hey, I'm being completely refreshed by the storm. So I think learning new emotion concepts can really change the way we appraise situations.

Your research has also found that interacting with a diverse group of people can have effects on our emotional states. Tell me about this work, Jordi.

So in this study, we track people again with smartphones and we ask them who they were interacting with and what was their mood. And what we find was that the diversity of social interactions that people had. Right. So if you think about having five hours of social interaction, are you spending these five hours with only a couple of people? Are you spending these hours with different categories of people, relatives, friends, acquaintances, coworkers and so forth? Right.

And controlling for the sheer amount of time we spend socializing, which is good for our happiness, we also found that the diversity of our social portfolio predicted higher well-being. And part of the reason, again, at least, you know, when we look at the statistical sort of data is

is that a more diverse set of friends and social relationship might bring us a more diverse set of emotion as well. So people who have more diverse social portfolios also report more emotion diversity in everyday life.

So in other words, you could have a conversation with a work colleague and maybe that conversation is frustrating because you're working on something difficult, but you have a conversation then with a friend and you recall a happy time from your childhood. And going through these different social relationships in some ways is allowing you to dip into different kinds of emotions.

Absolutely. And it's not just social interactions. Other research from other labs show that the diversity of activities that we engage in every day is also directly linked to the diversity of emotion we experience, right? So the more different kind of things that you do in everyday life, the more likely you are to experience different flavors of emotion. Some years ago, Jordi got to see firsthand the benefits of emotional diversity.

He had been recruited by French television to run a live experiment where he tried to make six unhappy people happier through verified scientific techniques. Well, I was extremely stressed. I'd never been on TV, but I made it. They gave me the part. And so I moved to France for two months to shoot the show. And it was a disaster. I was extremely self-conscious of my Belgian accent. The Parisian cast crew...

made comments all the time. They made me redo the takes because I was not pronouncing the Parisian way some of the words. And I was very, very anxious. And my coping strategy was to work harder. And so I was alone in my hotel room, you know, every night practicing the lines that we're going to say, thinking about ways to make

psychological intervention visually appealing on TV. Turns out that filming people meditating for half an hour is not very exciting television. So I was very stressed about trying to make this show a success and not look foolish on television. And I worked myself harder and harder every day

It didn't really help, to be honest. I was still anxious on set, still to do retakes after retakes. And then at some point, my partner visited me. So she was in New York and she visited me in France, sort of out of the blue, and she had planned a little surprise romantic getaway in a nearby village. So I was really torn because on the one hand, I wanted to work even more. Like I knew I wasn't great on set.

On the other hand, she had planned that surprise and I was like, there's no way I could tell her that I needed to work that weekend. So reluctantly, I went. And we had a lovely weekend, lovely sceneries, good wine. That was great. When I came back on the following Monday on set, I was anxious because I had not prepared. I had not rehearsed the way I would typically rehearse. And I shot the scene

ready to hear, you know, complaints from the director. But then the director looked at me and said, Jordy, you nailed it. This was fantastic. And the crew also thought it was great. And they're like, something has changed, Jordy. And of course, you know, being Parisian French, they made dirty jokes and speculated it was due to my romantic activities over the weekend. But I think that was not really it. I think what I'd done is that I'd replenished my

bank account in a way. I had added some happiness back and now that gave me the energy to deliver the lines better, to think more creatively about how to set up the scene and so forth. You know, Jordi, I'm thinking about this idea that I think comes from Buddhism, which is the idea that when an emotion appears

in our hearts, we should almost treat it like a guest who's appearing at our house. And according to this idea, you know, when anger shows up at your house, instead of closing the door to anger and saying, I don't want you, go away, you actually open the door to your anger and invite the anger in as you would invite in an honored guest. And you would sit the guest down and you would tell the guest,

you know, good to see you. Thank you for visiting my home. Tell me what you have in mind. What do you have to share? And in some ways, that metaphor of thinking about our emotions as honored guests, I feel meshes really well with the idea that you're talking about here, which is in some ways being curious about the emotions that visit us, not just simply being reactive to them, but being curious about them allows us to understand what the emotions are actually trying to tell us.

I love that idea, Shankar. And I would add that, you know, not only you treat a guest right and you listen to them and you treat them nicely, but also a guest is not a permanent resident. You know that the guest at some point will leave. And so you listen to the guest, but at the end of the day, you choose how you want to react rather than according the emotion too much weight.

I love that so much, Jordi, because I feel like the two things we often end up doing when negative emotions appear is we either try and shut the door to the negative emotion and say, don't enter my house, or we open the door and allow the emotion in some ways to sweep us off and assume that the guest now owns the house and runs our life. And in some ways, you're saying that both of those in some ways are maladaptive. Absolutely. And if we push the analogy a bit further...

The more guests you have at the party, you know, the less attention you're going to pay to one individual guest. You're taking care of everyone and it's great. And you're having lots of interesting ideas from everyone. But the more guests you have at your party, the less likely they are to, you know, take over. Jordi Quadbach is a psychologist at Asade Business and Law School in Barcelona, Spain. Jordi, thank you so much for joining me today on Hidden Brain. Thank you, Shankar. It was my pleasure.

Do you have follow-up questions for Jordi Quadbach about how we respond to our emotions? If you'd be willing to share your question with the Hidden Brain audience, please find a quiet space and record a voice memo on your phone. You can email it to us at ideas at hiddenbrain.org. That email address again is ideas at hiddenbrain.org.

Hidden Brain is produced by Hidden Brain Media. Our audio production team includes Annie Murphy-Paul, Kristen Wong, Laura Querell, Ryan Katz, Autumn Barnes, Andrew Chadwick, and Nick Woodbury. Tara Boyle is our executive producer. I'm Hidden Brain's executive editor. If you enjoyed today's conversation, be sure to check out all the episodes in our Emotions 2.0 series. You can find them right here in this podcast feed or at our website, hiddenbrain.org.

Next week on the show, we conclude our series with a look at the white-hot emotion of rage. I just started screaming. A full-on, high-pitched, blood-curling screech of a scream. I'm Shankar Vedantam. See you soon.

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