157.无间前行-世亲的解脱四道

2024/4/30

佛教哲学（新佛学金刚经）

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主讲人：本课主要讲解世亲大师提出的解脱四道（加行道、无间道、解脱道、圣进道）及其与佛教传统修道路线图（三贤位、四善根、见道、修道、无学道）的关系。首先，修道需要克服烦恼障，包括见惑（88种）和修惑（81种）。见惑在见道时顿断，而修惑需要在修道过程中反复克服。修道的任务是围绕着对峙与建立（或断惑与正理）展开的，需要通过思维活动解决认识和心理问题，最终超越佛学边界，在禅定中完成。修道的指观基于佛教关于三界的世界地图构想，其心理和认识变化只有亲证者才能体会。修道过程是转换世界观的过程，让修道者的认识和实践与四地之理融为一体。修道完成意味着生死结束，最终从三界解脱，进入无学道阶段。无学道（正道、圣进道）阶段，学无可学，修无可修，只待度过余报，等待涅槃。佛教各派对无学道阶段的描述略有不同，但普遍认为已达佛教修习的顶点，获得阿罗汉果。世亲大师在《据舍论》中定义了解脱四道，并解释了其与修道路线图的关系：三贤位和四善根阶段对应加行道；无间前行对应无间道；见道和修道阶段对应解脱道；无学道对应圣进道。世亲大师的解脱四道与修道路线图的五个阶段相互配合，共同阐述了修行的过程，最终目标是达到涅槃。

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What are the two main tasks in the Buddhist path of practice?

The two main tasks are to eliminate the afflictions of the 'view' (见惑) and the afflictions of 'cultivation' (修惑). These afflictions together are called the 'obstacle of afflictions' (烦恼障).

How many afflictions are associated with the 'view' and 'cultivation' stages?

There are 88 afflictions associated with the 'view' stage and 81 afflictions associated with the 'cultivation' stage, totaling 169 afflictions.

Why is the process of eliminating cultivation afflictions particularly challenging?

The 81 cultivation afflictions require repeated practice and gradual elimination during the cultivation process, making it a painful and arduous task compared to the relatively straightforward elimination of the 88 view afflictions.

What is the ultimate goal of the Buddhist path of practice?

The ultimate goal is to achieve liberation from the three realms (三界) and attain the stage of 'no more learning' (无学道), which signifies the end of the cycle of birth and death and the attainment of Arhatship (阿罗汉果).

What are the four paths of liberation defined by Vasubandhu?

Vasubandhu defined the four paths of liberation as the path of preparation (加行道), the path of uninterrupted progress (无间道), the path of liberation (解脱道), and the path of the holy advance (圣进道). These paths correspond to different stages of the Buddhist practice.

How do the five stages of the Buddhist path relate to the four paths of liberation?

The five stages of the Buddhist path (三贤位, 四善根, 见道, 修道, 无学道) align with the four paths of liberation. The stages of 'three virtuous positions' (三贤位) and 'four roots of goodness' (四善根) correspond to the path of preparation (加行道). The transition from worldly to supramundane practice is the path of uninterrupted progress (无间道), while the stages of 'seeing the path' (见道) and 'cultivation' (修道) correspond to the path of liberation (解脱道). The final stage of 'no more learning' (无学道) is the path of the holy advance (圣进道).

Chapters

本节介绍了佛教修道的艰辛，以及见惑和修惑的分别。见惑在见道中顿断，而修惑则需要在修道的过程中反复克服。修道是一个转变世界观的过程，最终目标是解脱三界，达到无学道，即阿罗汉果。本节还引出了世亲大师提出的解脱四道：加行道、无间道、解脱道和圣进道，这与传统的修道路线图（三贤位、四善根、见道、修道、无学道）有所关联。

见惑88种，修惑81种，合称烦恼障169种
见道顿断见惑，修道渐断修惑
修道是转变世界观的过程，最终解脱三界
世亲大师的解脱四道：加行道、无间道、解脱道、圣进道
修道路线图：三贤位、四善根、见道、修道、无学道

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