cover of episode Explaining the Dunning-Kruger effect and overcoming overconfidence with David Dunning

Explaining the Dunning-Kruger effect and overcoming overconfidence with David Dunning

2024/7/16
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WorkLife with Adam Grant

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David Dunning:Dunning-Kruger效应的核心在于能力不足的人往往无法意识到自身的不足,这源于人类擅长解决问题的天赋,但错误的解决方法也可能看起来正确。克服过度自信需要寻求外部信息,例如团队合作、设置‘魔鬼代言人’、进行‘事前分析法’(premortem)以及学习他人失败的经验。此外,要避免‘知识入侵’,即把自身知识和技能应用到不熟悉的领域。在评估专家意见时,需要参考多个来源,关注专家共识,并考虑专家的动机和方法。专家虽然比非专家更准确,但在正确和错误时都可能过度自信,缺乏适当的怀疑。 对于个人而言,要避免从自身成功的经验中过度概括,要根据具体情况和任务评估自身的能力和知识。随着年龄增长,人们会倾向于避免自己不擅长的事情。 Adam Grant:Dunning-Kruger效应并非只针对能力不足的人,随着经验的积累,自信增长速度可能超过能力增长速度,形成‘新手泡沫’。在学习新技能时,要保持谨慎,避免过度自信。要认识到经验并不等同于专业知识,专业知识也不等同于智慧。要学会从他人经验中学习,避免重蹈覆辙。在评估专家意见时,要考虑其动机和方法,并关注其结论的得出过程。互联网和社交媒体上的互动往往是非同步的,这导致了沟通的困难和冲突。在进行科学传播时,要从问题的背景和重要性入手,而不是直接给出结论。

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The Dunning-Kruger effect, a psychological phenomenon where individuals with low ability at a task overestimate their ability, was discovered by David Dunning and his co-author. It highlights the irony that those who are least skilled are also least aware of their incompetence.

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The Dunning-Kruger effect is a rare psychological concept that has achieved pop culture fame. David Dunning -- the lead author and one of the world’s most-cited psychologists -- joins Adam to discuss his famous findings about the arrogance of ignorance, the challenges of knowing what you don’t know, and the dangers of “doing your own research.” Then David and Adam uncover strategies for overcoming overconfidence among amateurs as well as experts.Transcripts for ReThinking are available at go.ted.com/RWAGscripts)