Tibor Rubin’s Medicine (Part 2)
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Pushkin. I'm Malcolm Gladwell, and I'd like to take a moment to talk about an amazing new podcast I'm hosting called Medal of Honor. It's a moving podcast series celebrating the untold stories of those who protect our country. And it's brought to you by LifeLock, the leader in identity theft protection. Your personal info is in a lot of places that can accidentally expose you to identity theft.

and not everyone who handles your personal info is as careful as you. LifeLock makes it easy to take control of your identity and will work to fix identity theft if it happens. Join the millions of Americans who trust LifeLock. Visit LifeLock.com slash metal today to save up to 40% off your first year.

The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration in the United States. Since it was established in 1861, there have been 3,517 people awarded with the medal.

I'm Malcolm Gladwell, and our new podcast from Pushkin Industries and iHeartMedia is about those heroes, what they did, what it meant, and what their stories tell us about the nature of courage and sacrifice. Listen to Medal of Honor Stories of Courage on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. The Medal of Honor podcast is brought to you by Navy Federal Credit Union.

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Take your business further at T-Mobile.com slash now. I'm Malcolm Gladwell, and this is Medal of Honor, Stories of Courage, our podcast about the heroes who have won America's highest military decoration. In the last episode, we met Tiber Rubin, or Ted, as he renamed himself. Born in Hungary, he survived a Nazi concentration camp when he was just a teen.

He was liberated by American GIs and made a vow that someday, God willing, he would become one of them. And he did. He joined the US Army and was sent to Korea. When we last saw him there, he had held off an entire enemy force by himself at night. He survived, but he was horrified by what he had done. He hadn't gone to the army to kill people. He wanted to save them.

But on the day after Ted's one-man stand, his commanding officer surveyed the scene. He knew that Ted's battle was more than just a bloodbath. He hadn't only safeguarded a valuable cache of weapons. He had kept the enemy from reaching the main and only road, the one that led directly to the U.S. troops. Yes, he had taken lives, but he had saved countless more.

The captain told me, "Hey, Teddy, if you don't kill them, you're gonna get killed. Not only you get killed, your friends and everybody." He said, "That's what it's all about." The CO thought he deserved the Medal of Honor, but one thing stood in the way: Ted's supervisory officer, Sergeant A, the bigoted man who'd put him in that hopeless position on the ridge in the first place.

So even though the CO ordered Sergeant A to write up the paperwork to recommend Ted for the Medal of Honor, Sergeant A never did. He wasn't going to see a Jewish soldier get that kind of recognition. Not on my watch, he said. And Ted kept getting sent into the worst imaginable situations.

Sergeant A made sure of that. Every time he needed a volunteer, so-called volunteer, he always called for me, said, get me that fucking Saramabich Hungarian Jew. That was me. So pretty soon I forget my real name. I figure when they call me Saramabich Hungarian Jew, that's me. I was only 20 years old, you know.

It became clear to everyone that Sergeant A wouldn't be happy until he had gotten Ted killed. He actually made a hero out of me. Because every dangerous mission Ted got sent on just showcased his bravery, his resourcefulness, and his compassion. Even more than that, Ted never lost his optimism, his hope, his belief in the goodness of others.

He risked his life to rescue a fellow soldier, Leonard Hamm, from the battlefield, against Sergeant A's orders. But he saved him. Then Sergeant A sent Ted into the forest alone on a deadly scouting mission. He zigzagged from tree to tree, trying to stay hidden. But suddenly, right in front of him were three armed North Korean soldiers. Once again, Ted was outnumbered. But then he noticed something. They were holding a white flag.

One of them, a lieutenant, asked Ted who he was. Ted's mind raced. If they knew he was a private, a soldier of minimal importance, they might kill him. So he lied. He said he was a commanding officer, a major. And he didn't stop there. He told them that North Korea had lost the war. Kim Il-sung was in Tokyo right that very moment, in peace talks with General MacArthur. And that's how he got two full companies of enemy soldiers, several hundred men.

to surrender to him.

The North Korean soldiers lay down their arms, and Ted told them to wait where they were until he could bring reinforcements. He ran back to camp with the news. Once again, nobody believed him until they went out and saw the hundreds of unarmed, surrendered North Korean soldiers. And once again, Sergeant A was told to fill out the paperwork for a Medal of Honor. And because a bigot is nothing if not predictable, he did no such thing.

Then came the worst battle Ted's unit saw. Unbeknownst to the American troops on the ground, the Chinese had entered the war, sending thousands of soldiers to join the North Koreans. Three US Army battalions, including Ted's, were sent to the small city of Unsan, where the attacks were constant and merciless. Ted was there, behind a line defended by a single machine gun way out in the open.

One machine gunner after another was killed while operating it. Three men died, and then nobody wanted to go out and hold the line anymore. Nobody wanted to get on it because it was dangerous. But it was necessary to save their lives. So Ted stepped forward. And I'm not because I'm a hero or anything, but I figured that's the only thing we have left. So let's slow him down.

Ted held the position until the ammunition was gone. He took shrapnel to his hand, his chest, his leg, but he wouldn't leave his position. Meanwhile, Sergeant A had retreated behind the lines, telling no one and taking no one with him. He'd run away to safety. The good news for Ted was that his tormentor was finally gone. More reason for optimism, right? But in fact, Ted's run of luck was about to end.

The Americans were massively outnumbered. First came defeat, then came capture. Ted and a straggling group of survivors were rounded up by the Chinese command and marched north. Initially, there were a handful of soldiers in the line with Ted. Soon, there were hundreds. It was November 1950, the start of a particularly brutal winter.

Ted took breaks from marching to remove his boots and massage his toes. He had seen toes turn black and fall off from frostbite at Mauthausen. The lessons from the camp were coming back to him. The men walked for days through knee-deep snow. Finally they saw it. A dozen single-story shacks with a creek running past them, surrounded by loops of barbed wire. They had arrived at the place they would soon call Death Valley.

Why they call it the Dead Valley? Because there were guys start dying there. Ted couldn't have known, but he was heading into a system of notoriously brutal POW camps. Of the American servicemen who went into these camps, 38% would die. If the American soldiers thought they had seen death and cruelty in combat, they hadn't seen anything like what was coming. But Ted had. More on that after this quick break.

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So start protecting your identity today. Save up to 40% off your first year of LifeLock Identity Theft Protection. Go to lifelock.com slash metal to save 40% off. Terms apply. It's a special thing to be a member of Navy Federal. Because it's a member-owned, not-for-profit credit union, their members are at the very heart of our mission.

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Plus, they offer resources like best cities after service to help ease veterans into civilian life and best careers for military spouses to help military families. So if you're a member of the Armed Forces, a veteran, a DOD employee, or a family member, you're eligible. Become a member today at NavyFederal.org. Navy Federal Credit Union. The members are the mission.

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I was joking with my producer Jacob the other day, who's one of Pushkin's most valuable employees. I hired him to be my assistant years ago in the most random manner possible. I think he saw a message board posting somewhere and I interviewed him for basically 10 minutes and said, go for it. I made a wild gamble on someone and got incredibly lucky.

But let's be honest, you can't rely on getting lucky when it comes to hiring people. Lightning's not going to strike more than once. You need a system and you need tools. And that's why LinkedIn is so important. LinkedIn is more than just a job board. They help connect you with professionals you can't find anywhere else. Even people who aren't actively looking for a new job.

When you become capture, you become a nothing.

They can take you out any second. They shoot you and that's it. You're just a dead man. They can beat you up. They can starve you. They can punish you. You're no more a human being. Life in POW Camp 5 was like this. You got two tiny cups of grain twice a day. And when it was cooked in water, please note, clean water not available, it turned into a porridge that kept a soldier hovering just above the starvation point.

There was no hospital for all the wounded and sick. Well, there was something they called the hospital. But if you went in, you didn't come out. Soldiers knew to avoid it at all costs. The 3,000 prisoners had dysentery, pneumonia, untreated wounds, and they had the dreaded give-up-itis. What they called it when an inmate would just stop eating, stop moving, and seemingly lose the will to live. Winter was viciously cold.

and the prisoners were dressed in rags that didn't keep out the chill. They stood in the snow, shivering, while their captors did roll call. Everyone was starving. They would sleep squeezed next to each other like sardines. Often, they'd wake up next to someone who had died in the night. For the American soldiers, this was an unimaginable nightmare. For Ted, it was all too familiar.

Remember, he had been in a Nazi concentration camp just five years earlier. But there were key differences between Camp 5 and Mauthausen. For one thing, they looked very different. At Mauthausen, the prison fortress had been designed to last. Camp 5 was just a series of hastily built mud huts. And Ted would tell you there was another key difference too. For the Nazis, mass murder was the whole point.

But while the Chinese didn't necessarily care if a soldier died, death wasn't the ultimate goal. Indoctrination was. This was the Cold War, communism versus democracy. The Chinese desperately wanted these Americans to buy into their way of life, even if it happened by force.

Perhaps you've heard of the movie The Manchurian Candidate. It's a classic 1960s film starring Frank Sinatra. The whole plot revolves around an American GI who is brainwashed in a North Korean POW camp. That GI wins the Medal of Honor, and then, because he's been brainwashed, he tries to kill the conservative party's presidential nominee.

The film is a psychological thriller with a hefty dose of political satire and surrealism and camp. His brain has not only been washed, as they say, it has been dry cleaned. The GI's mother is in on the assassination plot. She's played by Angela Lansbury, who was at the time 37.

The actor playing her son was 35. It's all completely nuts. Anyway, this is all to say brainwashing or the attempt at brainwashing was an actual thing in the camps. In Camp 5, the soldiers' days were filled with information sessions, lectures about the ills of American society. They could be tortured if they resisted their re-education or engaged in debate with their captors. Agreeing with the doctrine, on the other hand, might get them cigarettes or food.

Layered on top of the painful hunger, the cold and the deprivation, the idea was to break the soldiers down and rebuild them as compliant comrades. But Ted had a way to avoid all of this misery. His Chinese captors realized, hey, here's a guy who can't really speak English. Sorry, Ted. He's not even an American citizen. He's from Hungary, which is under the influence of the USSR, which is our communist ally.

So they came to Ted and said, "Comrade, you don't have to stay here. We'll send you home to Hungary." The other soldiers were blown away by Ted's incredible good luck. And they were equally blown away when Ted said, "No, he would stay with his men, thank you very much." The other guys couldn't believe it. Why would anyone stay in this godforsaken place? But they didn't realize something essential about Ted.

He hadn't become a soldier to gun down hundreds of men on a ridge to take life. He'd become a soldier to give life. And he realized that he could do that in the camp. Not just keep people alive, but keep them human. I would help anybody if I am able. And my mother was a Sembe. Also, my father was a Sembe. And that's one thing she teaches. Try to help your fellow men, regardless the black, yellow, brown.

whatever nationality. Ted had already endured the Holocaust. This would be a central fact of his life, as it was for all who survived it. But almost none of those fellow survivors had to live it again. Ted did. And then he chose to stay there and put what he had learned to work. He started mapping the camp.

When the guards took the prisoners up the mountain to chop wood, Ted stared back at the prison buildings, scanning them. This is where the storehouses are. This is where the guards sleep. When they needed prisoners to bury dead bodies, and they were always dead bodies, Ted's hand shot up. I'll go. He took every opportunity to get the lay of the land. The moment he figured out where they were keeping the food, he started stealing it.

Every night, he snuck into the storehouses and stuffed the legs of his uniform with bits of bread and meat or potatoes, whatever he could find. Then he brought his loot back and shared it with everyone he could. The men were grateful, but they were terrified on his behalf. They all understood that if Ted were caught, he would be killed. The men in his camp called him brave. Ted thinks it was something else. You have to be nuts, and I always was nuts.

You know, what is in Jewish, Meshugganah. I love that word, Meshugganah. Leo Cormier was one of the men in Ted's hut. Years later, he remembered what Ted did. They used to have grinding mills for flour. He'd go out and he'd stuff his pants full of flour to take for all the guys in camp to eat. He raised his wife to eat it when I'm stealing that flour. He had to cut his neck off.

And we'd take grass and boil regular grass to make soup out of it. And that shouldn't help a lot of guys or make sure they got their food or anything. Just like he learned back in Mauthausen, Ted convinced his bunkmates to strip down and pick every single louse and bedbug off their bodies. He knew what would happen if they let the vermin take over.

I've seen him one night spend the whole night picking lice off one of the guys that didn't have the strength to lift his head up. And Ted stayed there all night picking lice off the guy on the charcoal fire. So, you know, what the hell would do that? A man like Ted. I was not just a soldier, not just a funny-talking Jew. I was there when they need me. I feed them. I was their handyman, doctor, nurse, friend.

Ted desperately tried to keep POWs out of the so-called hospital where the weakest were sent to die. So he'd find sick men and watch them carefully. He brought them hot water in his helmet and washed their wounds. When they were too weak to get up and were lying in their own filth, he'd clean them. He did that for Leo.

It got so bad I had dysentery and I couldn't go to the bathroom. Ted would pick me up. I don't know where the hell he got the strength to carry me, but I only weighed about 80 pounds, maybe 90 pounds. He'd carry me down to the river and wash me. So why did Ted do it? Maybe because he remembered the feeling of holding his brother's hand in the concentration camp and how that fleeting moment of connection restored his sense of humanity.

Maybe because after all of those enemy soldiers he killed on the ridge, he wanted to even the tally, make up for the lives he'd taken. But I think it's even bigger than that. It's because Ted Rubin saw the possibility of greatness in every single man he saved. They always say when you save a life, you save maybe a nation. When you save a life, you save a nation.

Ted didn't see men who were skin and bones, crusted in filth, beaten down. He saw future fathers, community leaders, people who had the potential to do good in the world. He saw the American life he had always dreamed about, even when the worst America had to offer spat in his face. So he put his own life on the line to safeguard that dream for everyone else.

Which brings us back to Johnny. You remember him from the last episode? He was a dying soldier on the floor of the mud hut. The young serviceman with give-up-itis, too sick to move or eat or keep going. He was just giving up.

I said, "Johnny," I said, "Red Cross was just here. He bring us new medication. I will give you some of them, but only one thing I ask you, and that's all. You have to promise, Johnny, you're going to help yourself because your parents waiting for you, your brother and sister waiting for you. What's going to be, Johnny? You want to die or you want to help yourself?"

Johnny promised to help himself, and Ted kept giving him that medicine. He visited Johnny three times a day for a week, carrying those little brown pills. After five days, Johnny was sitting up and talking again. Two weeks later, he was on his feet, thanks to the amazing medicine that Ted had given him. But here's the thing. There was no medicine in the camp. The Red Cross hadn't been there.

Those little brown balls were, and I think this is beautiful, so I'm sorry for what I'm about to say, goat poop. Ted fed him goat shit. He knew that what Johnny really needed was something to believe in. What the hell? It worked. So when he was completely recovered, he went, you son of a bitch, you make me eat all the shit. But thank God I'm alive. He kissed me and everything. He was so happy. Ted's special medicine didn't save Johnny's life. Hope did.

Finally, after 30 months in Camp 5, the men started to go home. Red officers come forward to deliver another consignment of UN prisoners to the custody of Allied officials. A total of 684. From then on, Red ambulances disgorge the stark proof of man's inhumanity to man. The conflict was slowly reaching its end. Even as these fortunate ones turn their steps homeward, thousands of others remain to an unknown fate.

But for those who can smile again, all America is thankful. They sent the sick home first, and by then Ted was one of them. That old shrapnel wound in his knee had become infected. He arrived in the U.S. on a stretcher. Thousands of men had died in Camp 5, but Ted had managed to save at least 30 of them. He had kept them alive, and he had kept hope alive too.

These powerful stories of those who helped protect our country are brought to you by LifeLock, the pioneer and leader in identity theft protection.

Now you may think, I'm smart, I'm careful with my data, I don't need to worry. But the truth is, a lot of your personal information is in the control of others, like your doctor's office, your bank, your insurance provider. All it takes is one breach of any organization that has your info and you could become a victim of identity theft.

LifeLock is a leader in identity theft protection and empowers you to take control of your identity, alerting you to more uses of your personal information and fixing identity theft if it happens. Guaranteed. Or your money back. LifeLock offers extensive, proactive protection, and all plans include the LifeLock Million Dollar Protection Package.

So start protecting your identity today. Save up to 40% off your first year of LifeLock Identity Theft Protection. Go to lifelock.com slash metal to save 40% off. Terms apply. It's a special thing to be a member of Navy Federal because it's a member-owned, not-for-profit credit union. Their members are at the very heart of our mission.

That's why they offer exclusive rates, discounts, and tools to help you achieve your financial goals, like earning and savings of $461 a year, an average credit card APR at 6.81% lower than the bank industry average, and 24-7 access to award-winning customer service from their stateside member service representatives.

Plus, they offer resources like best cities after service to help ease veterans into civilian life and best careers for military spouses to help military families. So if you're a member of the Armed Forces, a veteran, a DOD employee, or a family member, you're eligible. Become a member today at NavyFederal.org. Navy Federal Credit Union. The members are the mission.

Navy Federal is insured by NCUA, equal housing lender. Dollar value shown represents the results of the 2023 Navy Federal Member Giveback Study. Value claim based on 2023 internal average APR assigned to members compared to bank industry average credit card APR published in the Federal Reserve's G-19 Consumer Credit Data Release.

I was joking with my producer Jacob the other day, who's one of Pushkin's most valuable employees. I hired him to be my assistant years ago in the most random manner possible. I think he saw a message board posting somewhere and I interviewed him for basically 10 minutes and said, go for it. I made a wild gamble on someone and got incredibly lucky.

But let's be honest, you can't rely on getting lucky when it comes to hiring people. Lightning's not going to strike more than once. You need a system and you need tools. And that's why LinkedIn is so important. LinkedIn is more than just a job board. They help connect you with professionals you can't find anywhere else. Even people who aren't actively looking for a new job.

In a given month, over 70% of LinkedIn users don't visit other leading job sites. So if you're not looking on LinkedIn, you're looking in the wrong place. Hire professionals like a professional and post your job for free at linkedin.com slash gladwell. That's linkedin.com slash gladwell to post your job for free. Terms and conditions apply. When Ted got back to the States, he became an American citizen.

He reconnected with his siblings, who had finally gotten permission to immigrate to the U.S. and who had been waiting for him. And in the final strange twist to his story, he became famous. His picture made the papers. Remember what I said about how handsome he was? Hollywood saw that too.

He was invited to premieres and publicity events, starlets on his arm. There was talk of turning his life story into a movie. But Ted wasn't interested. He didn't want to talk about his experiences in Mauthausen or in Korea. Like so many survivors of his generation, he preferred to put it behind him, focus on his American life. He got married. He had kids. He settled down in California. He worked at his brother Emery's liquor store.

And even though he'd been told on two separate occasions on the battlefield that he had been recommended for the Medal of Honor, he had never thought about the fact that no medal had ever materialized. In fact, he had been recommended four times. Four! Practically unheard of. Good old Sergeant A had refused to file the paperwork for two of those recommendations. And two others, from the battle at Ansan and from his heroism at Camp 5, had gotten lost in a shuffle.

But the men who remembered, including Leo Cormier, spent years advocating on his behalf. They knew what he deserved. Then, in the 1990s, the military started looking back through the records. They wanted to see if any Jewish servicemen had been overlooked because of anti-Semitism. Right at the top of the list was Ted.

In September of 2005, he finally got his medal, awarded by President George W. Bush. And by awarding the Medal of Honor to Corporal Rubin today, the United States acknowledges a debt that time has not diminished. By repeatedly risking his own life to save others, Corporal Rubin exemplified the highest ideals of military service and fulfilled a pledge to give something back to the country that had given him his freedom.

And he knew that the America he fought for did not always live up to his highest ideals. Yet he had enough trust in America's promise to see his commitment through. Ted still didn't think he deserved a medal. Ted just did the thing he thought human beings were supposed to do. I said, listen, yesterday I was just a schmuck. Today they call me sir. And to get a medal of honor, that's a big... I never knew that I was going to be a super Jew.

I'm joking. No, I'm not super. I'm just a regular guy. Between his actions in combat and at the camp, the army puts the number of people that Ted Rubin saved at close to 100.

I think he was able to do that because he valued the humanity in every person he met, even those who treated him with bigotry or scorn, even those who saw him as a funny foreigner with a crazy accent and a religion they didn't understand. He was taught the value of life when he was only 14, in a place that didn't value life at all.

He learned the power of hope and compassion, and he kept those lessons with him. They gave him strength, and with that strength, he gave strength to others. Ted Rubin died in 2015 at the age of 86, proud of his service and proud, most of all, to be a citizen of the United States of America. It is the best country in the world, and I'm part of it now.

Medal of Honor, Stories of Courage is written by Meredith Rollins and produced by Meredith Rollins, Constanza Gallardo, and Izzy Carter. The show is edited by Ben-Nadav Hafri, sound design and additional music by Jake Gorski. Recording engineering by Nina Lawrence, fact-checking by Arthur Gompertz, original music by Eric Phillips. Special thanks to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society and the book Single-Handed by Daniel Cohen.

If you want to learn more about our Medal of Honor recipients, follow us on Instagram and Twitter. We'll be sharing photos and videos of the heroes featured on this show. We'd also love to hear from you. DM us with a story about a courageous veteran in your life. If you don't know a veteran, we would love to hear a story of how courage was contagious in your own life. You can find us at PushkinBots.

I'm your host, Malcolm Bapa.

I'm Malcolm Gladwell, and I'd like to take a moment to talk about an amazing new podcast I'm hosting called Medal of Honor. It's a moving podcast series celebrating the untold stories of those who protect our country. And it's brought to you by LifeLock, the leader in identity theft protection. Your personal info is in a lot of places that can accidentally expose you to identity theft.

and not everyone who handles your personal info is as careful as you. LifeLock makes it easy to take control of your identity and will work to fix identity theft if it happens. Join the millions of Americans who trust LifeLock. Visit LifeLock.com slash metal today to save up to 40% off your first year.

This is Malcolm Gladwell from Revisionist History. Hey there, you've got to check out season two of Lord of the Rings, The Rings of Power. It's going to be epic.

To catch you up, Sauron has returned and nobody in Middle-earth is safe. Season two is all about the greatest villain of all time. And if you're like, I'm not into that stuff, think again. If you love action, fantasy, or drama, you'll love Rings of Power. Season two of The Lord of the Rings, The Rings of Power, premieres on August 29th, only on Prime Video.

The Medal of Honor podcast is brought to you by Navy Federal Credit Union. It's a special thing to be a member of Navy Federal because they're a member-owned, not-for-profit credit union that invests in their members with amazing rates and low fees. That's why members earn and save more every year. If you are active duty, a veteran, or have a family member who is a veteran or service member, you're eligible for membership.

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