Episode #012 ... The Hellenistic Age Pt. 3 - Hallmarks of Stoic Ethics
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Hello! If you value the show as an educational resource, and you want to be a part of keeping philosophy available for everybody out there for years to come, support the show at patreon.com slash philosophizethis. Hope you love the show today. Around 150 BC, the city of Athens existed in a Mediterranean Sea region with heavy Roman influence.

The city of Athens was riding high during a particularly strong period in their history. Border disputes were rampant, and one of the most common ones Athens faced was with Boeotia, and it usually took place in a town called Oropos. So feeling confident, they invaded. They tried to annex the city, they stole some stuff, they destroyed some stuff, and left.

no big deal right well for rome it was a big deal see rome was the overbearing dad trying to keep his sanity on a long road trip and athens was the antsy kid in the back seat who was told to keep it down several times now they needed to be punished so the romans fined them five hundred talents

A talent is a unit of measurement back then, and in this context, one talent would have referred to 71 pounds of gold. The Athenians owed the Romans 500 of those. Well, of course, Athens doesn't want to pay that much, so in 155 BC, they gather up the leaders, the senior ranking officials of the three philosophical schools in Athens, and send them to Rome to try to appeal to their better nature and try to get the fine reduced.

the three men were carneades the headmaster of the academy at the time follower of plato critolaus the head of the peripatetic school which really were just followers of aristotle at the time and the third guy was someone named diogenes who was the head of the stoic school at the time and of course is not any of the other three diogenes we've talked about before

There's no doubt that these three men were a really persuasive bunch. They talked to the Roman Senate and got the fine reduced to only 100 talents, for the record. But that wasn't even the most important thing they did in Rome. See, because once they arrived in Rome, they had a few days where they were just waiting around doing nothing. And the Romans had heard of Athenian philosophy before. And they gathered around these guys by the hundreds just to hear them talk about their respective philosophical teachings.

The story goes that on the first day, Carneades, head of the academy, stands up in front of everybody and delivers a beautiful speech heralding justice as the supreme virtue, commending Rome for their adherence to justice and the rule of law. Everyone erupts in applause. He really resonates with the Roman people. Everyone's agreeing with him. And the very next day, all those same people gather around to hear what he has to say the next day, and he stands up,

and with perfect eloquence just as convincing as the first day proceeds to deliver the complete opposite viewpoint he argued that justice is unnecessary and that rome built its empire on injustice long story short the romans ended up really taking a liking to the stoic school but after this little stunt that carneades pulled the three heads of the schools were quickly sent home to athens but not before making a big enough impact on the people of rome to start a thought revolution

In the year 155 BC, philosophy came to Rome. Hello everyone, I'm Stephen West. This is Philosophize This. How y'all doing today? This week, if you get a free couple minutes and you're thinking about the show and how you'd like it to continue, please consider checking out Audible. There's absolutely no downside to this. You go to our link, you get a free book, you support the show, and now you have 12 hours of audio to listen to about anything you want.

It's pretty wonderful. They have every book imaginable. And, in my experience, almost 100% of the time great voice actors to do the reading. In fact, I've only found a couple voice actors over the course of hundreds of books that were just annoying. But here's what separates Audible from your run-of-the-mill audiobook-providing empire. They let you listen to a sample of everything before you buy it so you know what the reader sounds like. Sometimes they even have celebrities reading the books.

Hey, here's a pro tip from someone that uses Audible way too much, by the way. There's a book called The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, narrated by Elijah Wood. And what I would do is I'd go into the Audible app on my phone, and I'd play the book at .5 speed, and at certain parts of the book, it actually sounds like I'm hanging out with a drunk, racist Frodo Baggins.

Some of the stuff Elijah Wood says in that book is ridiculous. I laughed for a good ten seconds. And you can too, with your favorite celebrity voice actor. Look, in all seriousness, if you like audio programming, please support the show and go to audiblepodcast.com slash west and sign up for a free trial. I couldn't do this without you guys. Thank you.

That brings me to the winner of the Facebook contest. Look guys, my wife doesn't even listen to the show. She's the manager of a cupcake bakery. I want her to pick the winner so that it's as unbiased as possible. That's the whole point of me doing it. She said it was obvious that most people put a lot of thought into their entries, and it's rough having to choose just one because it implies that the other ones are worse or something, but the winner really is just how she was feeling at the time.

I think I might do some sort of random number generator winner of a contest in the future. That way everyone has a perfectly equal shot. I'm not sure what we're gonna do yet. But real quick, I just want to say thank you very much for taking your time to like the post and to craft an entry. It really helps the show grow on Facebook, and I deeply appreciate it, guys. That said, Joe Pace is the winner of the contest with his beautiful story about his friend living in Mexico.

My wife wanted to give an honorable mention to Brian Smith and his twitbike service. She said that she thought that was kind of funny. And she also wanted to make it clear that she thought Darren Graham had the worst entry she's ever seen in her life. Speaking of which, there was a very insightful question on Facebook this week.

It was only five words long, but I think it really encapsulated what we're all thinking. This guy must have been referring to the very end of last episode, where I talked about Zeno's way of describing Stoic epistemology with his hand being fully opened and then varying degrees of close-handedness representing varying degrees of knowledge. And the comment said, "...but how do I epistemology?"

Well, first off, for anyone else wondering, epistemology is not a verb. It's a noun. And even if it was a verb, it wouldn't be anywhere near specific enough. That would be like going up to LeBron James and saying, "Excuse me, Mr. James, how do I basketball?" Look, your real question should be, "What is knowledge to Zeno? How do we perceive things? What is this comprehension he's describing?" Well, I'm glad you brought it up because it reminds me of how excited I am for the coming weeks.

If you thought we'd be done with Plato and Aristotle this soon, you were wrong. There's a couple ways to do it. I could have done several episodes on each of them talking about all the influential stuff they wrote, but I think it easily devolves into what most philosophy programs become.

Me droning on, reading facts, using terms you've never heard and you're not remembering much of it because you don't have anything to relate it to anyway. We're going to be talking about some of these later commentators on Plato and Aristotle and really fleshing out not only our understanding of those two men, but our understanding of terms like epistemology. The nuts and bolts that are going to give us a solid base to work from when heading into the Renaissance.

We are going to talk about Stoic epistemology in lots more detail, just in relation to the skeptics. But before we do that, we have to have a solid understanding of Stoic ethics. Most philosophy curriculums at universities don't go into Hellenistic Stoicism in very much detail, especially the Roman Stoics, the big three: Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. And there's a couple reasons for this. One is that there's a rebirth of Stoicism in the 1600s. It becomes widely discussed,

And if you're an academic and you're going to choose whether to study some ambiguous re-translated fragments from ancient times or a relatively modern wealth of debate, the choice becomes very easy.

The second reason is that the Stoic ethics that those three men are known for, many philosophers wouldn't even consider them ethics. At least not complete ethics. They're not similar to what we'd read if we read Aristotelian ethics or Platonist ethics. Usually ethics consists of someone recommending or making a case for what the good life is. This is the right way to live, here's why all these other guys are wrong in what they think the best life is, and here's why I'm right.

But Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius, they don't really talk about that stuff at all. They don't dedicate much time to arguing why other people are wrong or introducing a new system of ethics that they created. They all seem to adopt the requisite understanding that Stoic ethics are correct, and they spend most of their time saying, "Well, okay, once you've accepted that, what does this mean for you? What does it mean to be a Stoic in everyday life?" And at most, this is only one branch of ethics as a modern philosophy professor would see it.

Stoic ethics can be thought of as a means of protecting us from any external adversity that could possibly be thrown our way. If you were doing a late night infomercial for Stoicism during the political trouble of the Hellenistic age,

trying to convince people that Stoicism is for everyone, no matter what walk of life you come from, you can't really ask for three better spokespeople with more diversity between them than Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. Coming from three completely different backgrounds gives them three completely unique types of adversity to deal with that were completely different from each other. See, Epictetus was a slave who spent most of his life crippled.

He spent his life teaching other people to apply Stoicism so they wouldn't be enslaved within their minds. Stoicism helped him overcome the tribulations of being a slave. Seneca was a Roman statesman who later became the tutor and then political advisor to the murderous, crazed Emperor Nero, where despite trying to get out of politics, was forced by Nero to continue working for him, and was later forced by Nero to commit suicide.

This sort of terrifying existence at the mercy of a crazy person obviously presented its own unique set of adversity that Stoicism helped him through.

Marcus Aurelius was the most powerful man in the world, the emperor of Rome. He's often cited as the last good emperor of Rome. And he didn't really add anything to Stoicism as Seneca and Epictetus did, but he was seen as a great example of Stoicism when applied to a unique set of problems. And the stuff he wrote down gives us a peek behind the curtains into the thoughts of a dedicated, practicing Stoic living back then.

Now at first you might think, well, he was the emperor of Rome. What kind of problems could he possibly have? How about the problems of an entire empire?

Like most emperors of Rome, he was constantly at war dealing with border disputes or just outright enemies. I mean, he had Germanic barbarians to the north, Parthians to the east. He had plagues wiping people out. He himself was sick for most of his life, and all but one of his kids died during his lifetime. Not to mention he had the entire rest of the Roman Empire to run in the meantime. There's a reason your hair starts turning gray when you're the king of the world.

Stoicism was kind of like the "just for men" that Marcus Aurelius dabbed around his temples to keep his youthful appearance. Plus, have you seen the movie Gladiator? Joaquin Phoenix was pretty annoying. If that's any indication of what his only surviving son was like, he needed stoicism.

The passage of time between Zeno of Sidium and Marcus Aurelius is a long time, and the variance between their opinions on individual issues can also be pretty big. And as a podcaster, I have to make a judgment call on where to draw certain lines.

When you guys are talking to other people about the Stoics, or trying to apply Stoicism in your lives, or comparing the Stoics with future or past philosophers, you probably aren't interested in the difference between small things that are only relevant in a very narrow context. For example, me rambling on about something like Seneca's view of virtue in comparison to Epictetus' view of virtue.

And I think even if I did do that, what you guys would ultimately have is an idea of who each man was, what contributions they made to Stoic ethics, and the general idea of who the Stoics were and what the Stoics were all about.

All three of these men had areas of strength within Stoic ethics where they made larger contributions than the other two guys, and in those areas we'll dedicate more time to what they had to say on the topic, but because there's so much overlap between them, I think this episode is going to work best if we talk about the tenets of Stoic ethics, the common threads among them all that forge the definition of what a Stoic is, and then refer back to quotes from each man to not only embellish what we've already laid out, but to offer insight.

That said, the central point, the thing that all Stoic ethics are centered around, is the idea of oikiosis. This word is an adaptation of the Greek word oikos, which roughly translates to house or orientation. It was referring to the idea that each thing, whether it's an insect, an animal, a plant, or a human for that matter, all these things have a disposition assigned to it by nature. Certain things that it was put here to do.

For an animal like a skunk, it was easy. Survival, you know? Self-preservation. Eat, sleep, reproduce. But for humans, it was more. It certainly included all that. It included self-preservation, but it also included rationality. We have a very unique ability to reason, and we should use it. We were put here to use it.

There are TV shows out there, like The Real World or Jersey Shore, where the cast is made up of young people going out drinking and partying most nights with about as many priorities set in their proper place as they have IQ points combined between the group of them.

and there's this recurring character that shows up on these shows once every couple seasons, where they're living in the real-world house, but they have a boyfriend or girlfriend at home, and yet they still feel compelled to go out drinking and start flirting with other people. And right as they're about to do their seventh shot of the night, the show cuts to them in an interview from earlier, and they say something like,

hopefully i don't cheat on my boyfriend tonight hopefully nothing happens they're just sitting there blankly staring at the camera shrugging as they say it as though nothing's going to happen well behold everyone the stoics would see this human as one that's acting like it has the oikos of a skunk or any animal for that matter

These people don't see themselves as creatures with an oikos of reason, with the ability to make rational decisions that are in harmony with nature. These people see themselves as passengers. Whatever happens, happens. And this is the same point I was talking about last time with the scene from Lost. The pig trapped in the net has a much different oikos than Charlie, the drug addict rock star. And John Locke was trying to help him realize this.

Marcus Aurelius says that everything, whether it's a horse or a vine, is created for some duty, and that man's true delight is to do the things he was made for. Alright, so remember this concept of our oikos, because we haven't fully discussed what it is yet, and we'll be returning to it a little later, but this sets a nice base for talking about stoicism applied to our everyday lives.

One of the most important topics of Stoic ethics, one that they repeatedly hammer home and make it clear that it's very important, is understanding the distinction between things we can control and things we can't control. The Stoics thought that out of all the areas we dedicate thought to, this is the one we get wrong the most. Let me give you an example of this that you've probably seen before in some capacity. Some people are die-hard sports fans. Some people have a team that they're loyal to.

They know all their players. They know all the stats. They wear their autographed jersey to work on casual Friday. And when they watch a game and their favorite player hits the game-winning shot, or their team is playing really well together, they're walking on sunshine for the rest of the day. But when their team is playing bad, or the referee makes a bad call against their team and their team loses, they'll yell at the TV, slam doors, get angry, make the rest of the people living in the house uncomfortable.

These people are allowing themselves to be made either happy or angry by the decisions of a select few people that don't know that they're a fan, they don't care about their opinion, and they would trade their favorite player in a heartbeat if it meant a better bottom line for them. The Stoics would say they have absolutely zero control over anything that's happening there. Why would they allow themselves to be so negatively affected by it?

Now most of us come to this conclusion without the help of the Stoics, but this same concept applies to everything, no matter how small. Like I said, the Stoics separated all things into two categories: things we do control and things we don't control. The things we do control are our thoughts and actions. The things we don't control are, well, everything else.

See, because as humans, we are survival-oriented creatures. We like stability. We like predictability. I mean, this is why people typically say that we have a fear of the unknown. We like to have a particular way that we react to a particular circumstance. We don't like the fact that at any point in time we could get hit by a city bus, or someone could stab us, or a friend of ours could betray us. We don't like it, but it's reality.

We don't actually control anything that happens external to us. But that doesn't mean we should walk around being scared of this stuff all the time. The Stoics thought we should recognize how out of our control it actually is.

We like to think that things like our body, our bank account balance, our car, our reputation, we like to think that we're in control of these things. But the Stoics make the case that all those things really aren't in our control because at any time someone could steal your car, someone could destroy your reputation, your body could randomly have a brain aneurysm, and to base your happiness on something that you have no control over is a recipe for disaster.

They called all of these things, even things that happened in your past, all of these external things that we have no control over, they called them indifference.

Being in a state free of suffering because you understand which things are in and out of your control was called apathea. But be careful. Don't mistake this with the modern word that just sounds a lot like it, apathy, which in modern times would mean not caring about what happens one way or another. The Stoics did have a preference. There were preferred indifference and unpreferred indifference.

Let me explain. Even though we want these indifference, like to be healthy or to have a good reputation, these things aren't good in themselves. This is an idea that goes all the way back to the cynics. The only thing that is intrinsically good, or good in itself, not requiring anything else to be considered good, are wisdom and virtue.

Even the idea of qualifying something as intrinsically good goes all the way back to something Plato said in his Phaedo, that if something is truly good, it would never even assist something that's bad. So to the Stoics, even something like health was an indifferent, because it's only good in relation to the person who it's making healthy. Like, the health of Adolf Hitler in 1939 wasn't a very good thing, right?

So good health and many other things would be considered preferred indifference, outcomes that are typically good for us but we have no control over. But just because we didn't control when or if they happen to us doesn't mean that we can't make choices about how we perceive them. Remember the things we do control, our thoughts and actions.

The Stoics thought that all of our thoughts and actions about things that happen to us in our lives fall somewhere on a large spectrum between what they called virtue and vice. In modern times, we would more think of it as a spectrum between rational thinking and irrational thinking.

The guy from the sports analogy that we were talking about before? The guy that puts a trash can on his head and runs into the nearest wall because his team lost? That guy's thoughts and actions are leaning towards the irrational side of the spectrum. Our goal as humans is to be as close to the rational side of the spectrum as possible. Have you ever heard someone say there's no manual or handbook for living life?

Well, Epictetus would beg to differ. His students collected a ton of his most insightful and wise statements and compiled them into a book called the Enchiridion, or the Handbook. He contributed a lot to this discussion about things we can control and things we can't control. And it makes sense. I mean, he was a slave. For years of his life, he had no choice but to just grin and bear the fact that he was shackled and forced to do manual labor for somebody.

he talks about the importance and potential gain when you understand the things you can and can't control here in his discourses and we pick up the quote right after he just got done describing something terrible happening to someone that was completely out of their control

what then should a man have in readiness to such circumstances what else than what is mine and what is not mine and permitted to me and what is not permitted to me let say i must die must i then die lamenting let say i must be put in chains must i then also lament let say i must go into exile does any man hinder me from going with smiles and cheerfulness and contentment tell me the secret which you possess

well i will not for this is in my power some one says but i will put you in chains man what are you talking about me in chains you may fetter my leg but my will not even zeus himself can overpower well i will throw you into prison my poor body you mean well i will cut your head off when then have i told you that my head alone cannot be cut off these are the things which philosophers should meditate on which they should write daily in which they should exercise themselves

Once we realize what's in and out of our control, then the Stoics say that we can use our ability to reason to not walk around expecting things that are out of our control to happen or not happen. Once your perception of reality is closer to reality, then your expectations will become closer to reality.

If some guy that lived on the other side of town from you, a guy that you don't know at all, suddenly decides that he's going to change his career from the president of a bank to a circus performer, would it bother you that you can't control his job situation?

No, I don't think he would be at all. Knock yourself out, president of the bank. But that same guy, if when he was on his way to his new job as a circus performer, cuts us off on the freeway, well, all of a sudden, we're really angry about that. The truth is, we have about as much control over his decision to change from bank president to circus performer as we do over his decision to cut us off on the freeway. Why do we react differently?

Well, it's an expectation, right? We have an expectation that that guy's going to follow some unspoken set of rules that all drivers have consented to, without exception, and he's never going to make a mistake. The Stoics would say that this isn't realistic. This isn't a realistic expectation because we don't have any control over what he does anyway. So what good is being upset about it? Marcus Aurelius talks about the idea of expectations a lot in his meditations. Quote,

End quote.

He also said, get rid of the judgment, get rid of the I am hurt, and you are rid of the hurt itself. Now you may be saying to yourself that so far, Stoicism sounds a lot like Buddhism. Well, you're right. This is actually a really common thing that people notice. There are a lot of similarities between the two. Not the least of which is the whole idea that there aren't any things that are inherently favorable or unfavorable to us in themselves. It's our interpretation of those things that determine what they are.

Not to mention, Siddhartha Gautama suggested that people practice meditation to stay in the present moment and to assist you on your quest to happiness. And so did the Stoics. They just had a much more proactive and pessimistic approach. Remember I said in the last show that Stoicism was kind of like an obstacle course or a training regimen.

Epictetus said, What then should each of us say when each hardship befalls us? It was for this that I was exercising. It was for this that I was training.

Well, the Stoics thought of it this way. They didn't think it was good enough to just know what Stoic beliefs were or to understand their ethics. Philosophy was an active process, one where you constantly remind yourself of the tenets of Stoicism and by always having them on the top of your mind, you create new habits of thinking that are in line with the tenets of Stoicism. One of the practical methods of doing this that the Stoics suggest is a sort of premeditation. Marcus Aurelius describes it here, quote:

begin each day by telling yourself to-day i shall be meeting with interference ingratitude insolence disloyalty ill-will and selfishness all of them due to the offender's ignorance of what is good or evil

Let's go back to the sports fan example from earlier. The way it stands now, this guy watches his sports games and at some level doesn't expect anything bad to happen at all, despite the fact that every weekend when he watches the game, something bad happens.

What Marcus Aurelius is talking about in that quote, and many of the Stoics talked about this, is that every morning this sports fan should prepare himself for what inevitably will come. He should tell himself, today my team will lose the coin toss. Today my team will have a terrible injury that ruins our chances for the rest of the season. Today the refs will make a terrible call, and we will lose the game because of it. What are you accomplishing by saying all that? What are the Stoics teaching you to do?

They're teaching you to lower your expectations. If you approach the big game on Sunday pessimistically, if you truly expect that all those terrible things are going to happen, then when they do happen, it was to be expected. And when they don't happen, you're pleasantly surprised.

While this practice isn't just useful for sports games, the Stoics thought you should start every day with this sort of mentality. And that the same guy that gets upset about things he can't control when watching sports probably gets upset about things he can't control on the road, in his office, in his marriage, etc. This is the area of Stoicism that Seneca really excelled in. He famously said that "that which fortune has not given, she cannot take away."

He has a book called On the Shortness of Life, where it's all about the common human misconception that life is too short. Where Seneca says that it's not that we weren't given enough time to live, it's that we waste so much of it. He tells a story about a prisoner who was locked up in his cell. He was awaiting his punishment for a crime, and the emperor of Rome at the time, Caligula, sentences him to death. And when the guards come to get the prisoner from his cell to kill him, he's playing a game with a guard that was assigned to watch over him.

and these other guards show up and tell him he's sentenced to death and they start dragging him away to be killed and as these guards are dragging him away he says to them you guys are my witnesses i was up by one piece there i beat em this sort of calmness in the face of problems is a hallmark of stoicism

When we think of the word stoic in modern times, we typically think of someone who's unaffected or ostensibly unaffected. And that may be true, but it's important to note that it's not like the Stoics didn't feel emotions. They were just complete masters of their emotions. Some Stoics even take this mastery of emotions to the absolute extreme and claim that emotions don't even exist to them.

Seneca said that the idea of moderate emotions is about as realistic as the idea of moderate insanity. The actual emotions themselves are irrational. There's no use trying to moderate them. We should just train our brain to think rationally. The important part is this: don't let a single positive or negative emotion affect you too much. Don't let a single compliment go to your head and make you think you're the greatest ever, and don't let a single insult get you down and make you think you're a loser.

I mean, back to the sports analogy, don't let a single win let you think your team is destined to win the championship without issue, and don't let a single loss let you get down on future prospects. Being a slave, Epictetus had some good things to say on this topic too. He said, "...men are disturbed not by things, but by the principles and notions which they form concerning things."

He also said, "If someone gave your body to any stranger he met on his way, you would certainly be angry. And do you feel no shame in handing over your own mind to be confused and mystified by anyone who happens to verbally attack you?" End quote. Our thoughts create our negative emotions. The most common, and arguably most destructive of all these negative emotions, is anger.

By far the most popular work by Seneca, and my favorite to read, is called On Anger. It's an entire book dedicated to analyzing and dealing with anger. He famously said that no plague has cost the human race more than anger. According to Seneca, there are four primary emotions. Two emotions thinking about the present time, and two thinking about the future.

pleasure which thinks that something is good right now pain which thinks that something is bad right now desire which thinks that something will be good in the future and fear which thinks that something will be bad in the future well anger to seneca is a type of desire because an angry person is always thinking about revenge in the future

He compares the irrationality of anger with proper rational thought here. Quote, Anger is altogether inconsistent. Sometimes it goes further than it should. Sometimes it stops short. It indulges itself, judges capriciously, refuses to listen, leaves no room for defense, clings to what it has seized, and will not have its judgment, even a wrong judgment, taken from it.

Reason gives time to either side, and then demands a further adjournment to give itself room to tease out the truth. Anger is in a hurry. Reason wishes to pass a fair judgment. Anger wishes the judgment which it has already passed to seem fair. Reason considers nothing, save the matter at issue. Anger is roused by irrelevant trifles.

He spends a good deal of time in On Anger addressing the common misconception that people have that anger is something that is entirely out of their control, as though it's involuntary, some sort of instinct that's programmed in us, and he makes a good case for why the two are not the same here. Take the way that we shiver when cold water is sprinkled on us, or recoil at the touch of some things. Take the way that bad news makes our hair stand on end, and indecent language brings on a blush.

none of these is in our power no amount of reasoning can induce them not to happen but anger is put to flight by precept for it is a voluntary fault of the mind and not one of those which occur through some quirk of the human condition which therefore can happen to the very wisest of men

End quote. He says that most people see the process of anger as something bad happens to you, and then now I need to get back at that person. But Seneca says that it's much more complex than that. There are actually four stages to anger, whether we realize it or not. The four stages are realization, indignation, condemnation, and retribution. He says it well here. Quote.

End quote.

The first step is realization. This is the moment you realize someone has done something bad to you. This is the moment you realize a referee just made a terrible call on the television against your team. The second step is indignation. That bad thing just happened to you, and now you have contempt for the person that wronged you. The referee just cost my team the game, and now I hate them. You know? The third step is condemnation.

Now that this person is contemptible, now you label them as a bad person that deserves punishment for how they've wronged you. In the sports example, this is you saying that the referee should lose his job for the bad call, that he should keep his ref uniform and just go work at Foot Locker where he belongs. The fourth step is retribution. This is the childish idea of exacting revenge. You know, I need to get back at them for what they've done to me.

In the referee example, there's all sorts of things you can do here, but I guess one of them would be you organizing a petition to send to the NFL to get the referee fired for his terrible mistake. Just for example. Now the point Seneca was making here is that anger is actually a pretty lengthy process, even though it happens so quickly in the moment. It certainly isn't the same as that involuntary shiver that happens when cold water is sprinkled on us, like Seneca said.

He gives several recommendations throughout the book. One of them is adjusting the way you look at the world to ensure you have more realistic expectations of what's going to happen to you. You know, adopting that more pessimistic view like we talked about before. That use of mental gymnastics. Reading a mantra to yourself at the beginning of the day. Expecting bad things to happen. Constantly referencing the principles of stoicism in your mind to form good habits of thought. Things like that.

So this idea of having realistic expectations is definitely powerful, but I'd imagine some of you guys are saying, "Well look, I can change my worldview and have realistic expectations of the world, but what if even those expectations get broken? Then I should really be mad, right?" And on that same note, what about someone who has unrealistic expectations, but they have the ability to accept the fact that expectations won't be met sometimes?

This point is the exact reason why I believe that happiness doesn't lie in low expectations, like a lot of people say. It lies in acceptance. And this acceptance of everything that happens to you, the acceptance of your fate, is a hallmark of Stoicism. This is not the place to have a comprehensive discussion of fate. But let me talk about something real quick.

Determinism is a very broad concept in philosophy that says that when something happens, something is the case that makes it so that nothing else could have happened. Now there are tons of different kinds of determinism, many of them differing in their idea of what that thing is that makes it so that nothing else could have happened. Things are destined.

Now, when you say things are destined, some people might instantly think that this implies some kind of magical thinking, but not necessarily. Yes, it could be the providential plan of a god at work.

But it could also be entirely non-magical. Like, consider the idea that your brain is a computer, basically. And based on the input you've received so far in your experiences, there is a reaction that will happen. You think you're making a conscious decision, but really it was the inevitable process of the brain you've been given combined with your experiences.

This is a very broad topic with many different varieties, all of which have names that are just going to serve to confuse people here. And the relationship between free will and determinism is one of the most widely discussed topics in all of philosophy. And trust me, the works of the Stoics are not our best option of content to reference when talking about it. We have much better options that come a little later. Not to mention, within Stoicism, it's one of the most controversial topics.

The most important thing to take from their views on the matter is that they were compatibilists. They believed that the idea of determinism and the idea of free will are compatible with each other. They're not mutually exclusive as many people think. They believed in the idea of fate, but the important part to that fate is not the seemingly magical aspect of fate. The important part is the acceptance that you get from that mentality.

Zeno and Chrysippus compared humans going throughout their life on planet Earth to dogs that were tied to the back of a moving cart. Just imagine that visual for a second. A big cart tied to the back of a horse is moving along a path, and someone tied a dog to the back of it. The movement of that cart forward represents fate, God's plan, the reason that governs all things. And we, as humans, are the dog.

We're going wherever that cart's going. There's no fighting it. The question is, how much are we going to whine and complain and struggle along the way? Think of yourself as a foot that's part of a human.

Do you know what I'm talking about? What if you were a foot? If you were a foot, you'd just be one small part of a giant body doing its purpose until you stop working one day. It would be completely ridiculous for you to say to the body, No, I'm not speaking to you today. I refuse to walk around anymore. I refuse to do my foot duties.

No, that would be ridiculous, right? Because the foot needs to realize that what's in the best interest of the body is really in the best interest of the foot. It needs to fill its role and not complain. The Stoics thought that this is the way humans should look at themselves in relation to the world. One small part doing its duty for the greater whole. Several years ago, I got an English bulldog. I named him Charlie, and he is adorable.

And that's really his only good quality. If I put him out in the wilderness, he'd be hopeless. But if you've never had an English Bulldog before, they are a notoriously stubborn breed. They're very difficult to train. They just don't want to do what you tell them to. Some people can do it. I've seen people that teach their English Bulldog to do stuff before. And I got massive respect for you if you can do it. But I sit there with a treat in my hand, telling him to sit, and I just look at his eyes, and they are blank. He has no idea what I'm saying.

And after four or five times of telling him to sit, I just give him the treat. That's probably why he's never learned to sit. It's probably my fault. But one day, I made a huge mistake with him. Whenever we go anywhere, I put him in the laundry room, just so he has a confined place where he feels safe and it's quiet. And a couple years ago, he just looked at me when I told him to get in the laundry room, and he refused to go in. He just stared at me.

so i went to the cupboard i got a treat i coaxed him into the laundry room gave him the treat closed the door problem solved right that's evolution i felt triumphant it seemed wonderful but it wasn't wonderful now he refuses to come into the laundry room unless if he gets a treat i sit there and i look at him by the door of the laundry room and i say get in your room charlie

And he looks at me and doesn't move. He wants the treat. And he's not moving until he gets that treat. It's like a reverse hunger strike. So I look at him again. I say, get in your room, Charlie. Now, for the past couple months, he's been doing this thing when I say it a second time where he goes like, hmm, hmm. You know, he's like really displeased with what I'm telling him and he wants to tell me. This next sentence is going to make me sound crazy. If Charlie was a human...

And the Stoics were around to see this kind of behavior, they would give him a stern talking to. I mean, I give him an endless waterfall of food, an endless tank of water, a couch to sleep on. And he has one job, and that's to get in the laundry room when we're leaving the house. And like the dog tied to the back of the cart, like humans tied to the inevitable process of fate, he whines and struggles. But eventually he gets in the laundry room, right? He always does.

Stoicism says that we should have resigned acceptance and just cut out that whole process of whining and struggling like my dog does and just get in the laundry room. There's a great quote by Epictetus on this. He says, Don't demand that things happen as you wish, but wish that they happen as they do happen, and you will go on well. Marcus Aurelius says, The good man's only singularity lies in his approving welcome to every experience the looms of fate may weave for him.

now here's a quote from seneca where he's not only talking about resigned acceptance of fate but he's touching on something else here we go let nature deal with matter which is her own as she pleases let us be cheerful and brave in the face of everything reflecting that it is nothing of our own that perishes

Now what Seneca's touching on here is the idea that accepting your place in nature as a very small part of a massive fated process not only can bring you comfort in times of the political adversity of the Hellenistic age, but it can also bring you comfort if something is taken away from you, or if a loved one dies. This is an interesting alternative to the purpose that an afterlife typically serves. When someone loses a friend, or a child, or a family member,

or a parent that's very close to them, and there's a void left in their absence, it turns out it's a great consolation to tell that person that you're going to see that person real soon, and you guys are going to live forever together, and everything's going to be perfect. And it's a very comforting notion. Well, the Stoics talked about thinking of everything, from your most prized possessions to your family members, as really belonging to nature. Just as you'd think your right foot belongs to you, and not to its best friend, your left foot.

Think of these people and things as being already gone in a sense. Then there won't be any unrealistic attachment to these things. The relations to Buddhism are obvious. There's a great quote by Epictetus that encapsulates all of it. Quote, Never say about anything, I have lost it, but only, I have given it back. Is your child dead? It has been given back. Is your wife dead? She has been given back. I have had my farm taken away.

very well this too has been given back yet it was a rascal who took it away but what concern is it of yours by whose instrumentality the giver called for its return so long as he gives it to you take care of it as a thing that is not your own as travellers treat their inn to the epicureans pleasure was the most important thing to shoot for to the stoics virtue was the most important thing to shoot for

Pleasure, and various other things people think are the end goal typically, are seen as afterthoughts in Stoicism. They say that if you live virtuously, you will experience pleasure, but the real thing to focus on is virtue. So in other words, humans are a little like my dog Charlie, not wanting to get into the laundry room, you know? You shouldn't get into the laundry room just because you get a treat if you do it.

you shouldn't do the right thing because it brings about happiness although it probably will you shouldn't do the right thing because it brings you pleasure although it probably will you do the right thing simply because it is the right thing it's in harmony with the reason that governs all things

If the only things we have control over are our thoughts and actions, then the only thing we have control over is our mind, or soul, whatever you want to call it. And the Stoics say that if our mind is the only thing we control, we should try to do it as best as possible. Seneca says,

Epictetus says, "He who is free in the body but bound in the soul is a slave." But on the contrary, "He who is bound in the body but free in the soul is truly free." Marcus Aurelius gives us some pretty compelling thoughts on the matter coming from the Emperor of Rome. He says, "Very little is needed to make a happy life. It's all within yourself, in your way of thinking."

We kind of ran out of time with this episode, but I really want to end with one of my favorite parts of Stoicism. And it brings us back to the idea of our oikos that we said we'd return to at the beginning of the show. We'll talk in one of the next episodes on Stoic natural law in much more detail, but one of the implications of it is the idea of having compassion for your fellow humans and fellow animals.

Like we said at the beginning, the oikos of something like a skunk is very simple. You know, eat, sleep, reproduce, self-preservation, and occasionally chasing around a cat with a white paint stripe on it and teaching kids about the consequences of sexual harassment. For humans, it's part of our oikos to not interfere with other creatures and their ability to carry out their oikos.

It certainly wouldn't make much sense for a foot to sabotage or inhibit the ability for the hands to do their job, and the Stoics saw inhibiting the abilities of other humans and animals as equally as ridiculous. We should help other humans to exercise their rationality. Treat other humans and animals with compassion. Now we're going to end with a pretty long quote by Marcus Aurelius, but it's my favorite part of any of his meditations, and here we go. Quote,

do not waste what remains of your life in speculating about your neighbours unless with a view to some mutual benefit to wonder what so-and-so is doing and why or what he is saying or thinking or scheming if something distracts you from fidelity to the ruler within you it means a loss of opportunity for some other task see then that the flow of your thoughts is kept free from idle or random fancies particularly those of an inquisitive or uncharitable nature

a man should habituate himself to such a way of thinking that if suddenly asked what is on your mind at this minute he could respond frankly and without hesitation thus proving that all his thoughts were simple and kindly as becomes a social being with no taste for the pleasures of sensual imaginings jealousies envies suspicions or any other sentiments that he would blush to acknowledge in himself such a man

determined here and now to aspire to the heights is indeed a priest and minister of the gods for he is making full use of that indwelling power which can keep a man unsullied by pleasures proof against pain untouched by insult and impervious to evil he is a competitor in the greatest of all contests the struggle against passion's mastery

he is imbued through and through with uprightness welcoming whole-heartedly whatever falls to his lot and rarely asking himself what others may be saying or doing or thinking except when the public interest requires it he confines his operations to his own concerns having his attention fixed on his own particular threat of the universal web seeing to it that his actions are honourable and convinced that what befalls him must be for the best for his own directing fate is itself under a higher direction

he does not forget the brotherhood of all rational beings nor that a concern for every man is proper to humanity and he knows that it's not the world's opinions he should follow but only those of men whose lives confessedly accord with nature

as for others whose lives are not so ordered he reminds himself constantly of the characters they exhibit daily and nightly at home and abroad and of the sort of society they frequent and the approval of such men who do not even stand well in their own eyes has no value for him now it's time for the question of the week the stoics talked about retraining habits of the mind that weren't based entirely in reality my question to you this week is simple

Are there any thoughts you carry around that aren't productive? What can you do to retrain those mental habits and be a happier and more efficient person for the process? Thank you for listening.