cover of episode How the Dutch Reclaimed Land From the Sea

How the Dutch Reclaimed Land From the Sea

2025/2/24
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#maritime industry#educational#cultural heritage#world exploration#historical reconciliation#agriculture and farming#disaster management#historical reflections People
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专注于电动车和能源领域的播客主持人和内容创作者。
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@主持人 :我将讲述荷兰几个世纪以来如何从海中开垦土地的故事。17%的荷兰国土面积曾经是海洋,荷兰人不仅成功地开拓了新的土地,还建立了一个保护国家免受洪水和风暴侵袭的系统。这并非易事,它需要精湛的水利工程技术和持续的维护。 从公元前500年开始,荷兰人就开始建造人工土堆(terps)来提高房屋和农田的海拔高度,以应对洪水。罗马人带来了简单的排水系统,而9世纪后,随着人口增长,人们开始建造堤坝保护农田。11世纪开始开采泥炭作为燃料,却意外地导致土地下沉,加剧了洪涝问题。 更大的堤坝创造了最初的polders,即通过排水开垦的土地。最初的排水工程依靠人力,13世纪发明了木鞋,以适应潮湿的环境。1250年左右,出现了地方水务局(waterschappen),协调排水和堤坝维护工作。 15世纪,风车的出现彻底改变了排水方式,风车驱动水车和阿基米德螺旋泵将水从polders抽到运河。17世纪的荷兰黄金时代,贸易带来的财富为大型围垦项目提供了资金,比姆斯特围垦区(Beamster Polder)是当时的一个标志性项目,利用43座风车将一个湖泊变成了肥沃的农田。 然而,polders需要持续维护,防止洪水,需要不断抽水。19世纪蒸汽泵的出现降低了对风的依赖,哈勒默湖(Haarlemmermeer)的排水工程是蒸汽泵的重大应用案例,斯希普霍尔机场就位于哈勒默湖的旧址。 19世纪末20世纪初,人口增长和耕地减少,围垦成为国家重点项目,政府加大基础设施建设投入。20世纪,工业化和电气化促进了围垦和土地开垦,荷兰进行了许多雄心勃勃的项目,重塑了其地貌。 1916年的大洪水促使政府实施了修建阿夫斯勒特大坝(Afsluitdijk)的计划,将苏德海(Zuiderzee)围起来,并将其部分区域排干。阿夫斯勒特大坝建成后,苏德海变成了艾瑟尔湖(IJsselmeer),可以控制和部分开垦。 1953年的北海洪水促使荷兰实施了三角洲计划(Delta Plan),建造了相互连接的防洪系统,包括活动闸门等设施,既能防洪,又能保护潮汐生态系统。 如今,荷兰不仅国土面积更大,而且防御能力也更强,但水利系统仍需持续改进,例如埃普西隆堤坝(Epsilou Dijk)正在升级改造,以应对更高海平面和更极端的天气。如果没有荷兰的水利系统,60%的国土会在高潮时被淹没,这充分说明了荷兰水利系统的重要性。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter explores the unique geography of the Netherlands, a country with a significant portion of its land below sea level and a long history of battling floods. It introduces the challenges posed by the country's flat terrain, extensive coastline, and major rivers, setting the stage for the Dutch efforts to reclaim land from the sea.
  • 17% of the Netherlands was once under the sea
  • 50% of the Netherlands is at, near, or below sea level
  • The Netherlands has 450km of coastline along the North Sea
  • The Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt rivers flow through the Netherlands

Shownotes Transcript

The Netherlands is unlike any other country on Earth. 

What sets the Netherlands apart from every other country isn’t its size; it's the fact that 17% of the area of the country was once in the sea.

Turning the sea into land is no easy feat, but it is something that the Dutch have been doing for centuries. Not only have they expanded the territory of the Netherlands, but they have also created a system that protects the country from flooding and storms.

Learn about how the Dutch managed to reclaim land from the sea on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.

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