cover of episode A History of Lead (Encore)

A History of Lead (Encore)

2025/4/9
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专注于电动车和能源领域的播客主持人和内容创作者。
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@主持人 :我将讲述铅的历史,从大约8000-9000年前在亚洲小亚细亚被发现开始,那时人们发现这种暗灰色的金属易于加工。数千年来,铅被广泛用于各种用途,包括食品添加剂。工业革命的到来进一步拓展了铅的应用。然而,直到20世纪,科学家们才意识到铅的毒性。本节目将探讨铅在历史上的应用,以及人们对铅认知的转变。 铅的基本性质包括其在元素周期表中的位置(82号元素)、同位素以及其高原子序数。其物理特性包括暗灰色、高密度和低熔点,这使得它易于加工。铅的防腐蚀性也是其重要特性之一。 最早使用铅的证据可以追溯到大约8500年前的安纳托利亚地区。古埃及人广泛使用铅,用途包括化妆品、陶器釉料、渔网坠和装饰品。世界各地许多文化都独立发现了铅的特性,并将其用于不同的用途,例如制作简单的硬币、珠宝和护身符。古希腊人利用铅的防腐蚀特性,将其用于船底衬里和弹药。 罗马人大量生产和使用铅,其应用范围广泛,类似于现代社会塑料的应用。他们广泛使用铅制作管道、浴池和厨具,甚至将铅作为食品添加剂来增加甜味。西罗马帝国衰落后,地中海地区的铅产量急剧下降,新的铅矿中心出现在印度和中国。在印度,铅被用于传统阿育吠陀医学;在欧洲,铅在10-11世纪重新兴起,用于制作彩色玻璃。炼金术士认为铅是不纯净的金,试图将其转化为金;铅也用于火器弹药。威尼斯白铅作为颜料和化妆品被广泛使用;铅合金用于印刷术和屋顶瓦片。 工业革命时期,铅的需求量大幅增加,主要用于弹药、管道和油漆。铅从未用于铅笔,铅笔芯的名称源于颜色混淆;铅酸电池是铅的主要用途之一。1921年,铅被添加到汽油中作为抗爆剂。然而,铅的毒性是一个长期被忽视的问题,人们长期以来直接或间接地摄入铅。人体不需要铅,铅会在体内蓄积,即使少量也会造成危害。铅中毒会导致儿童发育迟缓、学习困难和行为问题,成人则可能出现记忆力减退、情绪障碍等问题。 20世纪,人们越来越意识到铅的危害,并开始努力减少铅的使用。近几十年来,铅已从许多产品中去除,但铅的生产仍在增加。目前全球铅产量创历史新高,主要用于铅酸电池和玻璃制造。由于人们意识到铅的危险性,铅在现代社会中的重要性有所下降。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter explores the early history of lead, from its initial discovery in Asia Minor around 8,000-9,000 years ago to its diverse applications in ancient civilizations, including its use in cosmetics, pottery, and ammunition. The chapter highlights the independent discovery of lead's properties by various cultures and its early uses.
  • Discovery of lead in Asia Minor around 8,000-9,000 years ago
  • Early uses in cosmetics, pottery, weights, and ornaments
  • Independent discovery by various cultures worldwide
  • Greek use in ships and slings
  • Roman extensive use and production

Shownotes Transcript

Sometime around eight to nine thousand years ago, ancient people in Asia Minor found a very dull grey metal that turned out to be easy to manipulate when it was heated.

For thousands of years, it was used for a variety of purposes, including as a food additive. 

4

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, even more uses were found for this unique metal. 

However, by the 20th century, scientists realized that maybe this stuff wasn’t really so good for us. 

Learn more about lead, how it has been used throughout history, and how our perception of it has changed on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily.

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