Why Quitting Sugar Could Save Your Life
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Coming up on this episode of The Doctor's Pharmacy. There are certain food that trigger you to want to eat more and trigger you to not satisfy your appetite so that when you eat, you don't feel, you know, you don't feel full. So you want more. Mm-hmm.

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Hi, I'm Dr. Mark Hyman, a practicing physician and proponent of systems medicine, a framework to help you understand the why or the root cause of your symptoms. Welcome to The Doctor's Pharmacy. Every week, I bring on interesting guests to discuss the latest topics in the field of functional medicine and do a deep dive on how these topics pertain to your health. In today's episode, I have some interesting discussions with other experts in the field. So let's just trump right in.

Sugar contains glucose and fructose, and these are two different sugars that are bound together to make table sugar or sucrose. And it turns out that fructose can activate a biological switch that tells a person or sets off a program to gain weight.

So when you eat sugar, you're actually triggering this biologic process to gain weight.

At the same time, sugar tastes really good. We have these sweet taste buds that really like sugar and we're eating a ton of sugar and high fructose corn syrup, as you know, like 15% of the diet. And it's being put in all these foods. So it can be a real menace. And what's really interesting about sugar, just as an aside,

is that if you take an animal and you genetically alter it so it can't taste sweet or it can't taste at all, it's still like sugar. It loses its flavor or desire for artificial sugars.

but it still will seek out foods that have sugar. Really? That's fascinating. And they'll still get fat from this sugar even though they can't taste it. That's amazing. So this fat switch you're talking about is quite interesting. And what do you mean when you say fat switch? Literally, is there some kind of metabolic switch that gets turned on that makes us store fat and gain weight? Now, how does that work?

Yeah, so this was one of our kind of big discoveries. I know, so, you know, everyone knows that, you know, obesity is linked with eating a lot of calories, bad foods. And one of the classic theories is that it's driven by the fact that we eat too much.

and we exercise too little. And so there's excess energy that we end up eating that is not used and that gets stored as fat. And so when this hypothesis came out in the 1920s, it was, you know, we were the ones to blame because it's over nutrition. You know, we're eating too much, we're exercising too little, all the dah, dah, dah, dah.

- It blames the victim, essentially. - Yeah, where's the victim? - It's your fault if you're overweight. - Yeah, so, exactly. So quit eating, you know? Why are you getting such a big plate of food, you know? Don't go back for seconds. You know, it's your fault. - Exactly, exactly. - You're taking the escalator when you should be taking the steps, you know? And so this has been the classic teaching.

But it turns out that there are certain foods that trigger you to want to eat more and trigger you to not satisfy your appetite so that when you eat, you don't feel full. So you want more. And there's certain foods that actually will reduce how much energy you have. So it will actually make you drop your energy metabolism. So the formula is the same. You end up eating more

and you exercise less, but the issue turns out not to be because it's your choice. It's because you've eaten specific foods that activate the switch. Yeah. So your work is sort of very similar to Dr. David Ludwig's work. So the whole idea that it's our fault we're overweight is one that is promoted by the food industry, by the government, by most doctors and certainly most nutritionists, which is

It's really about this whole idea of the energy balance hypothesis, which is it's all about calories in, calories out. And what you're saying, what I hear you saying, what Dr. David Ludwig, who's been on the podcast, is saying is that it's actually the quality of the calories that matter and the information in the food that matters and that not all calories are created equal.

Now, we know this kind of, you know, if you ask a fifth grader if a thousand calories of soda or a thousand calories of broccoli are the same, they would go, no. And I'm, by the way, Richard, I have asked this question to the vice chairman of Pepsi. I said, okay, who, by the way, was a diabetic. I said, look, I said, let me ask you this.

if i is a thousand calories of pepsi the same as a thousand calories of almonds when you eat them he's like yes i'm like okay so you know this this is a great narrative if you're selling junk because it it just

It's just all about moderation, right? There's no good or bad calories. It's all about moderation. It's all about exercising more and eating less. What you're saying is that there's a different biological imperative, which is that our bodies are designed to store fat under certain circumstances, which is a great adaptation to scarcity. But we have a problem of abundance. We don't have scarcity anymore. We have

on every corner in every gas station and pretty much everywhere we look there's an over abundance of food and so what is happening with this ancient mechanism tell us exactly how it how it works when you when we eat sugar we slow our metabolism and we actually want to exercise less because we slow them down exactly so so it turns out that um

that normally animals will try to stay at a certain weight. They don't want to gain a lot of weight. They and they'll maintain their weight. If they eat more one day, they'll eat less the next. If they exercise more one day, they'll exercise less. So they try to keep their weight normal. But there are some animals that really do

want to gain weight and those animals will gain weight by, you know, like in preparation for hibernation, for example, like when the winter is coming and, you know, and they know there's not going to be much food around. So these animals will suddenly, you know, they'll be regulating their weight fine for most of the summer and then sometime in the fall,

Suddenly they start to eat a lot more and and they they will eat, you know, thousands of thousands and thousands of more calories. A bear will start gaining ten pounds a day. And I mean, it's just it goes crazy and the animal will stay hungry and thirsty and go foraging for food. And that's actually part of this behavioral response.

And then they'll start storing fat and they do it by both synthesizing more fat, but also by breaking down the burning of fat. And so the fat starts to accumulate and they will become insulin resistant as part of this. And it's actually a survival mechanism because it keeps the glucose elevated in the blood, which the brain likes because the brain doesn't really need a lot of insulin for it to work.

Whereas the muscles really do need insulin. So by making the tissues resistant to insulin, the glucose instead of going to the muscles is staying in the blood and it's good for the brain. So it helps shut the glucose from where it would be used muscle to the brain. So insulin resistance is part of this survival response. Blood pressure goes up, you know, because they want you to have strong circulation in

in this kind of setting. And so all this happens and we know it in humans has the metabolic syndrome, but it's actually something that long distance migrating birds do before they migrate its animals do it before they nest. And it seems to be like triggered. So, you know, our big insight first one was that there was this trigger that created this

And so, and then- Is that what you call the fat switch? Yes, a biologic switch. You know, I also call it the survival switch when it's for these animals, because it's the same thing. Initially, it's there to help you survive, but when you're chronically activating it, it becomes a fat switch. And yeah. Yeah.

You know, it's funny. I remember going to Admiralty Island with my daughter years ago on a kayak trip in Alaska. It was where they had the greatest density of grizzly bears in the world. And they were fishing for salmon. We were watching them. It was this one little postage area, postage stamp area you could stand on with a guy with a shotgun. And when the grizzly bears were all over, and they were just chowing down on the salmon.

uh and then they go up into the mountains and the end of the summer and they just chow down on the berries and they gain 500 pounds you know and and unlike unlike the game of thrones for us winter never comes winter never comes so we just keep storing and then winter never comes and we just keep in this process and I think you know right I think the other thing that I sort of happens is that if we eat the wrong food we're hungrier and I want to talk to you about this because

I remember this study, I think Kevin Hall did, where he looked at people who ate ultra-processed food versus whole foods. And they could eat as much as they want to buy, there was two groups, or I think it was a crossover study. And they actually found that the people who got to eat the ultra-processed food ate 500 calories more a day. Now, in a week, that's gaining a pound a week. In a year, that's 52 pounds of extra weight simply by eating processed food, which is 60% of our diet. This is the problem, right?

It is a big problem because processed food is often filled with sugar and it's also filled with salt. And I know we're going to talk about that later because it turns out that this fructose pathway can be activated by many different foods. So it's not just the sugar we eat.

So, but anyway, so yes. So what our discovery was, was that this switch is activated by fructose. And when we gave fructose to animals, they got the very exact switch. They start foraging, they get hungry, they're thirsty, all the things that we talked about in the biologic switch. And so fructose turned out to be it. You know, one of the big questions we asked

you know, was is is the weight gain because they're eating more? Is it this energy balance? Yeah. Or is there another thing besides? And and and what we found the way you do that is you actually feed animals the exact same number of calories. So one group gets sugar and another group gets other foods that don't have sugar.

And everybody eats the same. And if one guy doesn't eat very much, then all the guys can't eat very much. And so we actually did this. We did this study multiple times. But one time we did it, there was a little guy that did not eat much food. And so everybody was eating less than normal. All these laboratory rats were eating about two thirds what they normally eat.

But one of them was eating a high sugar diet and one was not. And the high sugar diet rats, they became diabetic. They all became diabetic. Every one of them. They all developed fatty liver. They had fat in their tissues. Their blood pressure was high. So the sugar was activating this switch, even though they weren't gaining weight because they were on a caloric restriction. And when we looked at weight,

So metabolically they were fat, even though they weren't overweight. Right. So weight is driven, you know, it is related to energy belt. So, you know, when we measured their metabolism, their resting energy metabolism was lower. So even though they were eating the same amount of food, they were spending less energy. So they tended to be a little higher. They were like 10%, you know, maybe 5% higher in weight.

you just said something really important i want to highlight it and i want to let you continue because what you said was so important i just want to square it when you eat sugar your metabolism slows down is that what you just said that's correct that is mind-blowing right if you eat sugar your metabolism slows down that should get everybody to pay a lot of attention yes it absolutely does so you're you're but it's your resting energy metabolism actually so you could they when you're foraging

you don't you you they you know nature didn't want you to not be able to Forge for food because you're you know they're worried that you know that you're preparing for a bad time ahead so so they want the sugar you know the fructose uh still allows you to Forge it's when you're resting instead of kind of moving around like I tend to

you know jiggle in my seat and so forth but i'm just sitting because i i have a lot of energy right but um but you know uh when you're eating a lot of sugar your resting energy metabolism falls so your net energy metabolism drops and so even though these rats were eating exactly the same amount

the the uh the the one group actually started was losing weight right but the other group actually gained a little weight because of that the sugar group gained a little weight but it wasn't significant the bottom line is the the major thing driving weight gain is the number of calories you eat that's what drives weight gain and and so the energy balance people always focus on the weight

But if you look at what the specific calories are doing, this metabolic switch includes blood pressure, fatty liver, fat, you know. And those things in insulin resistance, they're not driven by excess calories.

So in other words, your blood pressure, your cholesterol, your blood sugar, fatty liver, inflammation, diabetes, prediabetes, all are driven by the quality of the food you're eating, by the quality of the calories. Because in the sense that we're eating really crappy quality calories, that's what's driving this problem. And it reminds me of a study that David Littwig did years ago where he took rats and he fed them either high fat, low starch sugar diet, or a regular kind of high carb diet, which is what

all recommended in fact what's what we were recommending for the diabetics was eating a lot of carbohydrates which is crazy anyway he found that basically he had to keep reducing he had to keep increasing the caloric intake of the low

starch sugar rats the high fat rats because they were losing too much weight and then when at the end of the experiment is kind of awful but he opened them up and the the ones who and they're eating exactly the same calories the ones that were eating the high sugar diet had all this fatty liver and fat around their organs and fat like all this visceral fat belly fat and the other ones didn't even though they were eating exactly the same calories because they're eating high fat low starch sugar

Yeah, you're 100% right. And Dave Ludwig, you know, that was a beautiful study. He said, it's not overeating that makes you fat, it's being fat that makes you overeat. That's flipping everything on its upside down. That's pretty cool. I hadn't heard that. That's really cool. One of the questions we asked, I mean, which was a question that actually Ludwig, so a lot of people say that the

The primary problem with carbs is that they stimulate insulin and then the insulin drives the glucose into the tissues and then that causes the fat accumulation. And that's, it turns out from our research, that's partly true, but it's not completely the story. So what we did is we had animals that could metabolize fructose

you know, normal animals. But we also had animals that we genetically modified so that they could not metabolize fructose, but they could still, you know, metabolize glucose, they could still produce insulin, all that kind of stuff. And what we did was we gave them, we gave them fructose and we could block the effects of fructose in the animals eating

fructose, but then we gave them sugar. We gave them soft drinks, high fructose corn syrup. And so when we give high fructose corn syrup, that contains both glucose and fructose. So we could see which was the more important player. And what we found was that if we blocked fructose metabolism, they still drank a lot of high fructose corn syrup.

because but but they did they did not get fat they did not get um uh they did not get fatty liver they did not even gain weight very much and that they gained a little but very little and so that told us that it wasn't really the insulin that's causing the obesity

But really, it was the fact that the fruit dose present in the high fruit dose corn syrup was really what was driving obesity. Well, this is really a remarkable statement because, you know, we and this was like a common belief among nutritionists and doctors was that, you know, fructose was good for diabetics because it doesn't raise blood sugar.

Right. Exactly. And then the other thing about fructose is that in regular sugar, it's bound tightly with glucose. In high fructose corn syrup, it's free fructose. And the high fructose corn syrup may be 55% to 75% fructose.

We've never seen this before. Now, the other thing that's so fascinating about fructose, and I want to unpack what, and take us on the fructose conversation, how it works to actually generate

fatty liver insulin resistance obesity diabetes in a minute but but what really struck me years ago is you know dr bruce ames is a researcher very famous guy i don't i hope he's alive i don't even know yeah i think i think i think he's still he's like really old he writes about aging now but he basically said that they were doing studies looking at fructose requiring a lot of energy

to be absorbed. And the high fructose corn syrup leads to ATP depletion in the gut, meaning that the energy source that we need to actually keep our gut intact, preventing leaky gut,

was impaired because when you have a lot of fructose in your diet, the energy gets depleted and the little tight junctions that keep our cells together in our gut, the little lining together preventing leaky gut, starts to break down. So then you get all these proteins from food and bacteria, crap, actually in your bloodstream causing inflammation which causes even more insulin resistance and more weight gain.

So we can talk about that and talk about why is high fructose corn syrup so bad? Because if you listen to the food industry and everybody else, it's like, oh, it's just the same. It's all the same. High fructose corn syrup, sugar, there's no difference. And I wrote an article years ago called Five Reasons Why High Fructose Corn Syrup Will Kill You. Yeah, I remember reading that. Actually, I have to compliment you on your knowledge and what you've been doing and how you've been helping people.

Oh, thank you. I really, really appreciate that. So we actually did studies where we compared high fructose corn syrup to sucrose or table sugar. And in general, even when you level the playing field by giving high, you know, so high fructose corn syrup is free fructose and free glucose mixed together. And sucrose, they're bound together. So one will be absorbed more differently, more rapidly.

and the high fructose corn syrup. And when we give them so that the high fructose corn syrup is 50% fructose and 50% glucose, and you give exactly the same amount of food, the animals that get high fructose corn syrup will get worse fatty liver. So there's something beyond, you know, it's more than just the fact that there's more fructose, but it's also the problem that it's free fructose.

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Now, for years, you've heard me talk about the dangers of sugar, but what happens to your body when you quit sugar for 14 days? All sorts of stuff can happen, right? Maybe you have issues you didn't even know were fixable by quitting sugar. Maybe you're dealing with chronic stress responses and inflammation or anxiety, panic attacks, maybe hormone imbalances. Maybe you have acne or maybe you're just tired and lethargic and have brain fog or joint pain or digestive issues, cravings, fluid retention, this goes on and on and on.

Now, these are all warning signs that sugar may be harming you or worse, that you're addicted to sugar. In fact, studies show that 14% of adults and 12% of kids meet the criteria for food addiction.

And just for comparison's sake, about 14% of the total population has alcohol addiction. So it's about the same, and if you had it in the kids, it's worse. Now, the good news is that most of the health issues from eating sugar can be completely reversed, and you can break this cycle of addiction in as little as 14 days or less.

Everywhere you look, there's added sugar. From blended coffees to protein bars, drinks, dressing, salad dressing, sauces, ketchup, you name it, sugar is lurking everywhere in our diet, even in seemingly healthy foods. Now, we eat today in the modern world about 22 teaspoons a day. Historically, as Hunter gathers, we ate 22 teaspoons a year, and kids now eat about 34 teaspoons a day. That's almost 150 pounds of

per person of sugar. That's a lot of sugar.

Aside from making us inflamed and causing us to gain weight by spiking insulin, which is the fat storage hormone, consuming too much sugar is also at the root of many health problems, including mental health problems. And that's what we're going to talk about today. Mood swings, anxiety, depression, and various metabolic diseases are all consequences of eating a high glycemic or also known as a high sugar and starch diet. Now in today's Health Byte episode, we're diving into the research linking sugar addiction to poor mental health.

and how you can detoxify from excess sugar in your diet in as little as 14 days. Now, once you clean up excess sugar and you clean up the refined carbs in your diet, your brain's gonna work better, your mental health is gonna improve, and as a bonus, your skin's gonna clear up and your hormones get back in balance and a whole host of other things. Now, I've done this with thousands of people and I wrote about how to do this in my book, The 10-Day Detox Diet, and I've seen profound results. In fact, there's an average reduction

of 70% from all symptoms from all diseases in just 10 days, plus an average weight loss of seven pounds and a significant drop in blood pressure and blood sugar. So now let's dive deeper into the data about sugar. How do we reset our body to its original factory settings?

All right, so why is sugar consumption so out of control in the United States? Well, 60% of American calories come from ultra-processed foods. And what are ultra-processed foods? Well, essentially anything comes in a bag or a box or a package, something with a long ingredient list. These are typically energy-dense foods that are high in calories but have minimal nutrition value. So they're basically...

High calorie, low nutrient. That's not good. They're high in sugar, like high fructose corn syrup, dextrose, cane sugar, fructose, any millions of kinds of names of sugar that we have. They're high in refined grains from enriched wheat flour, sometimes corn. And these are the commodity crops that are put in all these ultra-processed foods and they act just like sugar in the body. I mean, below the neck, your body can't tell the difference between a bowl of sugar and a bowl of cornflakes. Now, the U.S. Dietary Guidelines recommended six servings of grains per day.

which is a lot, half of which must be whole grains. That means the other half can be basically what amounts to sugar. That's crazy. But 74% of Americans exceed that limit for refined grains. So we're way over in terms of what we're eating. Crackers, pretzels, cakes, cookies, pancakes, breakfast cereals, bread, tortilla, pasta, rice, all of it is just stuff that's causing our blood sugar to spike exponentially.

And it's the majority of our diet. Now, 65% of our calories and 92% of added sugar in the US comes from ultra processed foods. So the one big thing you can do to really drop your sugar content is just get rid of all that stuff that's made in the factory, right? Factory made foods. We call that a plant-based diet. If it's made in a plant, don't eat it, basically. Added sugars make up about 14% of kids' total energy intake, meaning they're eating a lot

of sugar, about one in every seven calories comes from sugar. Now school lunches is another huge issue. I mean, it's crazy that we allow sugar in school lunches. That should not be allowed. And in fact, it's allowed a lot. And the USDA report, 69% of school lunches and 92% of school breakfast, meaning this is food we're feeding our kids in school, funded by the government. They exceed the limit of the 10% total energy intake that's been set by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, meaning they're eating way over that.

The average American consumes 17 added teaspoons of sugar or 22. So it's a lot. And sugar-sweetened beverages and coffees and teas actually may contribute up to 40% of the daily intake of added sugar. So think about it. You're going to get coffee. You're going to get tea. You're having all this stuff you think is okay to drink, but it's not. It's just a sugar bomb. I think Starbucks should just be recognized for what it is. It's a sugar dispensing factory, not a coffee shop. Yeah.

Now, 30% of the sugar we eat comes from desserts, sweet snacks, candies, sweetened breakfast cereals, but 70% comes from just regular food. It's in everything, right?

Or we're just eating so much, people don't realize it. You wouldn't put like 16 teaspoons of sugar in your coffee, but if you drink a 20 ounce bottle of soda, that's what you're getting. That's 64 grams of sugar, which is a lot. The average medium-sized blended coffee contains about 50 grams of added sugar. Again, that's about 14 teaspoons of sugar, 13 teaspoons of sugar. That's nuts, right? You don't put that in your coffee, but that would be what you'd find in a blended coffee drink. An average serving of flavored yogurt,

It contains 16 grams of added sugar. So you're eating yogurt, you're getting healthy probiotics,

But the truth is that per ounce, most of your sweetened yogurts have more sugar per ounce than Coca-Cola, right? The average serving of packaged salad dressing, get this, has six grams of added sugar. That means you're eating over a teaspoon, about a teaspoon and a half of sugar in your salad dressing. Like why should you put sugar on your lettuce? Studies that link excess sugar to poor mental health are really abundant. This is not just my opinion. Again, all the things I'm talking about in this health bite, in all the health bites,

are from the peer-reviewed literature. All the references are included in the show notes. Have a look yourself if you don't believe me. It's pretty scary out there, but what I'm saying is actually based in science. Now here's a study that looked at a large group of people. It was a meta-analysis of observational studies. So it wasn't cause and effect, but it was a pretty impressive study. So it gives you things that point in the right direction. They looked at 37,000 people with depression, and they found that sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was dramatically increasing the risk for depression.

Those who drank the most soda had a 31% increased risk for depression compared to those who drank the least. So basically, if you're a big soda drinker, you're more likely to be depressed. Compared to those who did not drink sugars in beverages, those who drink two cups of soda per day, about 45 grams of sugar, which is

11 teaspoons of sugar, increase the risk by about 5% for depression. Those who drink three cans, right? So you look at the dose response on these studies. So is one can bad? Is two cans worse? Is three cans? So you kind of can see where the trend's going. But those who drink three cans of soda a day, which is 98 grams of sugar, which is like, I don't know, almost 25 teaspoons of sugar, increase the risk by 25% for getting depressed.

Another study, a prospective cohort study out of Spain, 15,000 Spanish university graduates, showed that those in the highest quartile of added sugar intake had an increased risk for depression, meaning those who had the most sugar in their diet. Those who consumed the highest amounts of sugar had a 35% higher risk of depression. Comparing it to those who had the highest intake of high-quality carbs from whole grains, high in fiber, low glycemic diet, those people had the opposite. They had a 30% lower risk of depression.

So more sugar, more depression, less sugar, less depression. Seems like a trend. Another large prospective cohort study of 70,000 women, post-menopausal women, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. So they looked at glycemic index and the highest glycemic index, the higher the likelihood of food to spike your sugar, there was a 22% increased risk of depression. If you had added sugars, right, the added sugars that are added to the food, there was a 23% higher risk of depression. And refined grains, even wheat, right,

flour, that also was associated with depression. And if you had higher amounts of fiber or fruit or veggies or even lactose, it was significantly associated with a lower risk of depression. So

Sugar and flour, higher risk. Whole foods, lower risk. Not surprising. All right, so let's talk about the why. Why does this happen? We're seeing the correlation. We're seeing the connection. People know, you know, you get the sugar blues. You know, people understand that mood and sugar are very connected, even through their own experience. But what's the science behind how sugar affects our brain health

affects our mood and obviously other things, but you've heard me talk a lot about other things, but we're gonna talk about sugar and the mood and brain function today. So one is you get reactive hypoglycemia, and we'll talk about what that is, but essentially it's where you get a spike in sugar, follow

followed by a spike in insulin that then causes your sugar to crash. And then what happens is you overshoot and you get low blood sugar. Now, what happens when you get low blood sugar is you get a spike in cortisol, spike in adrenaline, and it helps bring the blood sugar back up.

but it also increases the activity of the amygdala. So cortisol will increase amygdala activity, which is our emotional anxious brain. And it's interesting, the symptoms are pretty obvious for people who have this, but you get cravings for carbs and sugar just a few hours after eating, that's kind of a mild symptom. You can have like really serious feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, irritability, panic attacks.

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, I mean, people heard of being hangry, right? I get that a little. Heart palpitations, shakiness, shortness of breath, feeling you're gonna faint, like you're gonna die, brain fog, fatigue, headaches. And so what happens is when blood sugar drops, it's a life-threatening emergency. You gotta find food right away. And I just tell you a quick story of a guy who told me that he was having these panic attacks

And he was like, yeah, every day, the afternoon, I start getting this overwhelming feeling of anxiety. I start sweating. I can't breathe. My heart's racing. I just feel like I'm going to die. I said, and what happens? Well, I drink a can of Coke and it goes away. So I think, you know, most people don't even connect the dots between what they're doing and how they feel. So now what happens if you continue to do this, you get insulin resistance, right? If you keep having sugar over time and it'll drive your sugar up, your insulin up and high levels of insulin resistance, right?

has a really significant negative effect on mood and mental health. And the data's really clear on this, we'll go through the research, but essentially what happens with insulin resistance, you get inflammation in the body. And anything that causes inflammation will cause depression or anxiety or mood disorders.

disorders. So what is the kind of link between insulin and metabolic dysfunction and mood disorders like depression, anxiety? Well, our researchers from Stanford, they looked at a nine-year study over time in the Netherlands published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, and they found that those who got prediabetes during the first two years of the study were more than two times as likely

to have major depression versus those who had normal blood sugar. So in other words, when they follow people over a long period of time, if you were more likely to have prediabetes, you're gonna get more depression, right? So you don't even have to have diabetes.

Now, they measured sort of the degree or severity of insulin resistance, and they used something called the triglyceride-HGL ratio, which, by the way, is available on everyone's test. Your ratio should ideally be one to one. If it's more than two to one for triglycerides to HGL, you're starting to get into trouble. But if they had a higher ratio of triglycerides to HGL, there was an 89% increase in new cases of major depression. Think about that. For every five centimeters of belly fat, just around your waist, right, if you take a tape measure,

then that was associated with 11% higher risk of depression. And every slight increase in this one unit increase in their ratio of triglyceride to HDL, and for every bump in fasting glucose, that was linked to a 37% higher risk of depression. So as your sugar goes up, your insulin goes up, more depression. Conservatively, at least one in three people have insulin resistance, but I think it's a lot more. I mean, if you look at

the data, one in two people have either prediabetes or type 2 diabetes by very conservative measurements. If you open up those measurements a little bit and don't just look at deviations from the worst level, right? Like if your blood sugar's over 100, you're prediabetic. Well, maybe you don't even have to have 100 to actually have insulin resistance. And so that goes to the 93.2% who are metabolically healthy. So maybe even 90 plus percent have some degree of this, right? One in five adults,

on top of that, have a mental health issue, right? That's a lot. That's 20% of the population. If you have diabetes, you're 20% more likely to have anxiety and you also have more depression. So how does this work? Well, low-grade systemic inflammation

from any source, and mostly in our case it's the diet, and sugar is the biggest driver of inflammation because sugar is like pouring gasoline on the fire. So the problem with insulin resistance is that it causes low-grade systemic inflammation everywhere, in the body and the brain. And that causes dysregulation of cortisol, which is a stress hormone, dysregulates what we call the HPA axis, which is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, regulating all sorts of things that mood,

It screws up neurotransmitter signaling when you have too much sugar, like serotonin and dopamine. It leads to energy problems in the cell, which you need good energy to have good mood, right? So actually this friend of mine, Casey Mead, she wrote a book called Good Energy, all about metabolic function and mitochondrial function and how that relates to our health and mood. Now the brain relies mostly on glucose as its primary source of energy, but

It's extremely energy efficient. It only needs about 60 grams a day to do its job. And flooding the brain with too much glucose

creates a lot of inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. And it leads to depression and mental health issues, and even things like Alzheimer's, which now they're calling Type 3 diabetes. So when you have too much sugar, it screws up your ability to make energy, and it causes mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are really important for neurotransmitter function and production and the release of neurotransmitters in the body.

When you have sugar, it also does something really bad. It activates stress responses in the body. So when you look at the data on this, it's pretty clear. David Ludwig, my friend at Harvard, has done a lot of work on this, and he basically showed that feeding kids isocaloric, meaning same calories of, let's say, oatmeal, which basically turns into sugar in your body, or eggs,

that the ones who had the oatmeal had higher levels of cortisol and adrenaline because their bodies were having this perceived stress of eating too much sugar. Now, that's kind of scary. We know that independent of your mental state, that your diet can make you stressed, right? Can increase stress hormones.

And that is bad for your brain. Insulin also helps regulate neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, and also something called BDNF. And when you have too much insulin resistance, which is what most of America is suffering from, it impairs dopamine signaling, which means you don't get the pleasure sensation, which means you want more sugar and create more carbs. And it's a vicious cycle. Also, stress itself will increase cortisol, just emotional stress, and that can cause issues. So it

It can be that the sugar causes stress or that actually literally stress causes stress. And that stress will spike your cortisol, your

And what does that normally do? Well, when you have a stressful situation, like you're being chased by a tiger, you want to increase your blood sugar. You want to have all the fuel available so you can run as fast as you can. So that's a good thing. You want to have more adrenaline, but not chronically. And so you have chronically elevated cortisol in your body from chronic psychological stress that increases your blood sugar, it increases insulin resistance, and it's a vicious cycle. So if you give someone prednisone, for example, for an autoimmune disease, they can develop diabetes and they can develop

high blood pressure just from the stress hormone that they're giving as a pill. And also stress really messes up your gut. And gut is another factor that is influenced by our diet and particularly sugar.

Now, we've talked a lot about the microbiome and mental health on the podcast. I've written about this a long time ago in my book, The Ultra Mind Solution. Again, the data has been there for a long time. It's mostly been ignored, but I think I'm glad people are talking about it now. There's a whole department of nutritional psychiatry at Harvard where they're talking about metabolic health and gut health and mood health. And Uma Naidoo has been on the podcast. We'll link to the show notes there. But just to get into this around mood, you know, when you have a high sugar starch diet,

it has a really bad impact on your microbiome. So it changes the composition of bacteria in there to be bad bugs. Those bad bugs reduce the abundance of good bugs, which do good things, and the bad bugs do bad things. And that creates inflammation, leaky gut, yeast overgrowth, bacterial overgrowth. All that can lead to mood swings, irritability, depression. There's something called a bacterial endotoxin. So when you have too many bad bugs,

It produces the toxins that basically get into your system through a leaky gut, and that triggers your immune system to create an inflammatory response, and that impacts the brain. It also makes you more insulin resistant, so it creates a vicious cycle. So gut health is extremely important for brain health and for mood health.

And when you look at the data on this, it's very compelling. Leaky gut, which we used to get laughed at for talking about, is now well-recognized increased intestinal permeability. But it's been linked to things like anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and lots of other mental illnesses. And it's actually fixable. Okay, so we know that we're all eating too much sugar. We know that sugar is linked to mental health issues. We know that the mechanism is there through inflammation and some resistance and gut dysbiosis and mitochondrial function.

Great. Now what? Well, you can do a sugar detox. That's what. You don't have to take my word for it. You don't have to listen to me. Your body's the smartest doctor in the room. It'll tell you what's working, what's not working, and listen to your body. It's very smart. And listen to how you feel. I encourage everybody to do this. It's why I wrote my book, The 10-Day Detox Diet. I think 14 days is a little longer, and I encourage you to do that a little longer just to see what happens. But let's talk about how to do it.

The first thing is you've got to get rid of all the flour and sugar, right? Get rid of all the high glycemic foods. Get rid of all the added sugar. Get rid of ultra-processed food. Stop all the refined flours, you know, refined wheat flour, gluten, all those things. Get rid of those. My joke for bread is if you can stand on a dozen smush, you can eat it. I was in Germany and they had these meat slicers in the house. I'm like, what is that for? He says, well, just slice the bread because it's so dense. It's made from whole grains. It's not made from flour. It's made from actual rye and grains.

So you have to cut it with a meat slicer, like a deli meat slicer. I encourage also people to get rid of all the liquid sugar calories. Those are the worst. Sugar-sweetened beverages, teas, coffees,

energy drinks, you name it, juices, just eliminate all of that. And what do you eat? Well, real whole food. What I've been talking about for years, you can do the 10-day detox, which is a little more extreme, but essentially they're blood sugar balancing foods. And the way to do that is start with protein at every meal. Not a huge amount, but about a palm-sized portion, depending on how big you are. It's a different size, right? If you're Shaquille O'Neal, it's different than if you're Natty Comaneci, who you probably don't know who that is, but she was a very famous gymnast in the 70s. She was very little, like 4'11 or 10 or something.

But basically, you want to eat a palm-sized portion of protein every meal, usually about 46 ounces. You want to aim to eat about your body weight in grams of protein, depending on how active you are, anywhere from half to one gram of protein per ideal body weight. You want to get really good quality protein, so

and regeneratively raised meats. I use Force of Nature, I love them. You can get bison, elk, venison, even beef. Pasture-raised chickens and eggs. Certain fish can be great. If they're small fish, you know the smash fish for me is salmon, mackerel, anchovies, herring, and sardines. Of course, people don't like those, but it could be good. Also, you want to eat a lot of fiber. Fiber basically is a sponge food.

for sugar. In fact, last night I had shirataki miracle noodles, which were so good. They're essentially made from cognac root. Cognac root is a Japanese food, but it actually has zero calories and it absorbs all this water and it slows the absorption of sugar. And you can actually take it as a supplement called PGX, but you can actually just buy the noodles too. So we had these delicious noodles last night. You don't have to feel guilty for eating noodles. So lots of fiber.

Lots of good fats. Fats are really important because fat also slows the spiking sugar. So olive oil, avocados, nuts and seeds. For breakfast, really important to have fat and protein. If you want to cut your cravings, you cannot start the day with sugar. If you want to detox from sugar, you've got to start the day with protein and fat and no sugar. That's going to set you up from having balanced blood sugar. It's going to avoid the swings that I talked about. It's going to avoid the spikes in insulin. It's going to avoid the hypoglycemia, avoid the cravings. So you'll see.

Also get on slow burning carbs that are high in fiber and that reduce blood sugar spikes, that are rich in polyphenols that promote the growth of good gut bacteria. So all the veggies, right? These are what I'm talking about. Carbs, broccoli's a carb, right? Asparagus is a carb. Green beans are a carb. Mushrooms are protein and carbs. And so you can get a lot of foods that are delicious to eat that are high in beneficial compounds

that help reduce inflammation, support gut bacteria, help your mitochondria, reduce oxidative stress. And all these foods, what they do is they help in the gut particularly, 'cause they have a lot of benefits, but they increase something called short chain fatty acids. So when you eat a lot of fiber, you feed the good bugs, right?

And it creates a byproduct that is really essential for your health called butyrate, or this is a short chain fatty acid, and it's very anti-inflammatory. And that gets used by the body as a regulator of all sorts of functions, including cancer. You also want to eat a wide variety of low glycemic plant foods, right? 75% of your plate should be non-starchy, colorful veggies like leafy greens, cauliflower, dandelion greens, Brussels sprouts, asparagus, cabbage,

Bok choy, broccoli rabe, collards, unlimited. You can eat as much as you want. So if you wanted five pounds of broccoli, go ahead.

Low glycemic fruit is fine. Berries, cherries, blackberries, raspberries, cranberries, that's fine. Stone fruit can be helpful. No more than a piece a day of apples and pears. Lots of whole grains that can be good. You have to be careful about what you're eating. But you want the low glycemic, phytonutrient-rich grains. I love black rice, for example, red rice, quinoa, buckwheat, teff. All these are great. Certain legumes can be helpful. Lentils, chickpeas, split peas, edamame, adzuki beans, black navy beans, lopini beans. All these can be part of your healthy diet.

If you want to really go extreme on the blood sugar stuff, you can cut out grains and beans for the first few weeks, but you don't have to, but I would for sure cut out gluten. Lots of fats, so one or two servings of healthy fats. You can pour olive oil, coconut oil, ghee, macadamia oil, olives, avocados, fatty fish, lots of nuts and seeds, flax seeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, hazelnuts, walnuts, cashews, pecan, all that's fine. It's really essential. Nuts are really great for you and also help you feel full and it's a great snack.

limit starchy vegetables. So you can have some, but like not, don't be eating sweet potatoes all the time or tons of potatoes and so forth. Eat your foods in the right order, right? To lower the glycemic load. So if you have protein and fat before the carbs, it slows the absorption and you don't end up getting these spikes. Don't eat carbs alone, right? So for example, if you're eating an apple, throw a little nut butter on there or a handful of nuts. Or if you have sweet potato, add

Make sure you have it with like, say, a piece of chicken or non-starchy veggies. So you sort of create a mixture of the meal. It's called the glycemic load, basically how the overall composition of the meal affects your blood sugar. So you can offset effects of some carbs by eating them in the right order or with protein and fat.

Lots of spices are good too. Cinnamon is amazing. It helps blood sugar, green tea. Then also supplements can be really important. So a high quality multivitamin and mineral, vitamin D, omega-3 fats, and certain things are really important for blood sugar like glypoic acid, but B vitamins, certain herbs are great that I use, cinnamon, green tea, chromium minerals like

magnesium, also great. Fenugreek has been used a lot in Ayurvedic medicine, great for blood sugar. Exercise, obviously, I'm going to always talk about that, but resistance and aerobic exercise, about 150 minutes a week. Muscle is critical and improves insulin sensitivity. Here's a simple hack, is take a half an hour walk or even 15 minutes after eating your dinner, it's going to dramatically blunt the sugar spikes and insulin. So your body's going to suck that up.

Sleep also really important. We know that lack of sleep causes more sugar cravings, more carb cravings. I've had it. I felt that I used to work at the ER in Mercy Hospital in Springfield, Massachusetts, and

I would sometimes get the night shift and it was two in the morning. The only thing open was McDonald's and I would go in and get the sort of apple turnover because it was the only thing that you could get. I mean, I didn't want a burger and I craved the carbs. I felt it. I knew it, even though I knew better, really important to get enough sleep. So try to set a regular bedtime, stick to it. Try not to eat at least three hours before bed. Get rid of all late night snacking.

give yourself at least a 12-hour overnight fast. So dinner at six, eat breakfast at six, or if you want to do 14, you can eat breakfast at eight if you eat dinner at six. So not that hard, but giving yourself that break will help improve your insulin sensitivity. What else can you do to help your sugar and manage it? Well, get your stress under control. And it's more up here. Stress is defined as the

The real or imagined threat to your body are your ego. So it could be a real threat to your body like a lion chasing you, or it could be an imagined threat to your ego like you think your wife is an hour late coming back from something and you think she's having an affair or something. So that could be totally fabricated in your head, but the end result in your body is the same. And this chronic levels of stress we all have are really driving a lot of health issues, including insulin resistance, diabetes, and depression, anxiety, and much more.

So how do you do that? Well, you kind of have to actively reduce stress, exercise, journaling, meditation, yoga. All this helps. I've got this new app I use called NuCalm. It uses binaural beats. So I put on my headphones, I go into a zone and kind of go into a deep state of relaxation. So there's lots of ways to do it. No magic to it, but you just have to find what works for you. You frame all these diseases as really the tip of the iceberg. And underneath it, you say, are these eight processes, these eight metabolic processes

phenomena uh these subcellular pathologies you call them that are really driving everything and i'll just list them and then we can kind of go into them all we talked a little bit about insulin resistance but glycation oxidative stress mitochondrial dysfunction we've touched on this membrane integrity inflammation epigenetics autophagy you talk a lot about this in the book it's a lot of big words but it's actually a lot of the same topics that i wrote about in my book young forever because it all

Drives chronic disease, all drives aging. And they're underneath. Well, they're often, these are also known as the hallmarks of aging, which are the phenomena that happen that are driving the disease. So hallmarks actually are upstream and, and, and they're not,

They're not symptoms. They're basically these phenomena that happen from different insults, mostly from food, by the way. We'll talk about how to fix them with food. And you kind of break it down. I was just like jumping up and down when I saw it. I was like, wow, this is it. You got it, you know? So tell us about these eight processes and how they lead to all these diseases. Exactly. So these eight processes are, you know, for the most part,

not processes that you can sort of test for. They're happening in the cell. Okay. There are ways to do it. I mean, researchers can do it, but they're not, shall we say, clinically available, but they're going on. They're going on in all of us. It is part of life. All of these are part of life. You can't stop them, but you can slow them down, but you can only slow them down with food.

All right. So they're foodable. They're all foodable. Exactly. Not druggable, all foodable. All right. Example, glycation. So glycation, a glucose binds to a protein. Now, when it does that, it makes that protein less flexible. It makes that protein end up being recycled.

Okay. It might change the function of that protein. It might cause that cell to become more fragile and friable and might end up causing cell death. Okay. So glycation is not a good thing. Now,

This is what diabetics measure when they measure hemoglobin A1C. This is glycated hemoglobin, the glucose binding to the hemoglobin molecule. Well, that's happening all over your body. It's happening all of the time. The question is how much? It is the cause of wrinkles. It is the cause of cataracts. The cause of cardiovascular disease.

- Dementia? - Inside the blood vessels. Well, it's one of the causes of dementia, not the only one. But the bottom line is you don't wanna be glycating, all right? Now you're gonna be glycating because it is a process you can't stop, okay? It is part of life, but you can slow it down. How do you slow it down? Stop providing the substrate, okay? And the substrate for glycation are two.

Glucose, yes. But fructose is seven times worse. So both do it. But fructose does it seven times faster and releases 100 times the number of oxygen radicals, which we'll get to in number two. That's why high fructose corn syrup is in everything is super bad.

Right. Yeah. But there's fructose and sucrose, too. I mean, so it almost doesn't matter. The point is sugar is a bad guy in the story. OK, you know, full stop. That's that's what we don't tell our patients. And that's the thing that they need to watch. And it's the thing that they can control themselves if they choose to. So that's number one.

Number two, oxidative stress, those little hydrogen peroxides. Now, hydrogen peroxide is good if you have a wound, but it's not good if it's inside itself. Because those hydrogen peroxides... Unless you want to kill an infection or cancer or something, then it can be good. But you know, your body makes a little bit, but it shouldn't make too much. Right. But you shouldn't be making it in your liver. Well, every time a hydrogen peroxide gets made, it's doing damage. Right.

It's doing damage to a lipid. It's doing damage to a protein. Ultimately, it will kill cells. The bottom line is oxidative stress occurs every time that glycation reaction occurs. It also occurs from iron. It also occurs from various other processes that go on in the body. But the sum total of that oxidative stress is the aging reaction. That is what aging is.

And so we need to basically try to mitigate it as much as possible. Now, you can't mitigate the iron, but you can mitigate the sugar. You can mitigate some of the other reactive oxygen species drivers, like, for instance, environmental toxins that are available, like insecticides and things like that, that will cause it as well.

All right. Number three, mitochondrial dysfunction. Yeah. We talked about mitochondria being sort of at the heart of this whole problem. Well, it turns out fructose, that sweet molecule in sugar, inhibits three, count them, three separate enzymes.

than mitochondria need. We've talked about one, CPT1. And mitochondria basically make energy from the food you're eating and the oxygen you breathe that runs everything in your body. So when that process gets up, you're having an energy crisis. Exactly right. It inhibits an enzyme called AMP kinase, which is the fuel gauge on the liver cell. It inhibits an enzyme called ACADL, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase long chain, which is necessary to get the fatty acids oxidized. So the bottom line is if you're...

mitochondria are dysfunctional, you're going to be sick. And fructose is a three in one mitochondrial toxin. There are others. I mean, there's a good deal. Three for one, right? You know, but yeah, I mean, but bottom line, that's, that's like number one, number four. Okay. Insulin resistance. Now we've spent enough time on that. So I think we'll go to number five. Yeah. Number five, membrane instability. Now,

Imagine you have a balloon. Okay. You blow up the balloon and you try to pop a hole in that balloon with your finger. But if you take a pin, it will pop. Okay. Now take a balloon, blow it up and put it in the corner of your bedroom for three weeks. It will slowly deflate. Okay. Now undo the knot and now blow up the balloon again. Now try to puncture the balloon with your finger.

Now it'll puncture. What happened? How come the balloon would not puncture with your finger the first time, but it would three weeks later? How come? Answer, because the membrane, the balloon, changed properties. So the membranes of your cells and especially of your neurons have to turn over and they have to basically maintain integrity.

And the problem is that there are a lot of things that can inhibit that integrity. Again, one of them being sugar, insulin being another one. But there's a way to fix that. There's a way to treat that.

omega-3 fatty acids. Those are the things that improve membrane integrity in your liver, in your arteries, and most importantly, in your neurons. And so where did the omega-3s come from? Well, unfortunately, not farmed fish. They're omega-6s. The omega-3s are made by the algae. The wild fish eat the algae. We eat the wild fish.

Well, unfortunately, wild fish is expensive and not immediately available in many parts of the country and parts of the world. Another reason for problem. Number six, inflammation. Now, you...

have talked about inflammation till the cows come home. Okay. If I mean your PBS special is all about inflammation. I know. And I agree. I totally agree. Okay. The question is, where's the inflammation coming from? A bunch of places could be, you know, I mean, like for instance, if you have an autoimmune disease, like rheumatoid arthritis, you know, it's coming from your immune cells and stuff, but

Where's the inflammation coming from in people who don't have autoimmune disease? Yeah. It's coming from your gut. Yeah. Your gut microbiome. So your intestine is functionally outside your body and your intestine provides a barrier to keep the stuff in your intestine, the literal stuff.

in your intestine. You might have to bleep that out, but hopefully not. No, it's fine. Okay. All right. The bacteria, the cytokines, the lipopolysaccharides, the stuff you do not want to get into your bloodstream. Okay. It's a sewer in there. It's a sewer. That's exactly right. It is a sewer in there. And the goal is to maintain the barrier so that those bad guys don't end up in your bloodstream.

Now, you have two options.

mechanisms for doing that. One is the mucin layer. Okay. So there's a mucus layer. Like mucus. Yeah. Like mucus on the top of your intestinal epithelial cells. That's one. And the second is that there are proteins that guard the junctions between the cells, you know, that where stuff could slide through. Okay. Those are called tight junctions and tight junctions. Like for instance, zonulins, that's what goes wrong in celiac disease. Yeah. So

You need the mucin layer, you need the tight junctions, you need to all be effective, right, in order to maintain that intestinal barrier. Well, guess what?

If you don't feed the bacteria in your intestine, your bacteria will choose the mucin layer to be its food. It will chew through the mucin layer, exposing all those intestinal epithelial cells to all these bad guys, and you end up with intestinal pathologies. I just saw a paper that just came out that showed that Crohn's disease is

severity and in instance in severity is related to ultra processed food consumption well for example for exactly this reason interesting also if colitis was not but Crohn's was

So you've got to feed your bacteria, your microbiome, those little, you know, you've got 100 trillion bacteria in your intestine. Okay, they got to eat. Well, what do they eat? They eat the fiber in your food. So you have to feed your gut. Well, unfortunately, your diet is fiberless food. And so they're going to eat the mucin, okay, exposing your intestine and generating inflammation.

Second, you have those tight junctions. Well, those tight junctions can become dysfunctional. You can nitrate those tight junctions. And guess what nitrates those tight junctions best?

Yeah. Again. So again, bad guy. Yeah. You know, I don't know if this is true, Robert, but, um, I talked to Bruce Ames, uh, and he said that they did research in his lab where they found that fructose, because it requires extra energy to be absorbed. Uh,

meaning it requires more ATP to be absorbed. It actually draws energy out of the gut and you need energy to keep those tight junctions together. And so just the fructose actually has another effect, which is to create a leaky gut. And then you get

This whole phenomenon we call metabolic endotoxemia, meaning that bacteria and toxins leak out. It activates your immune system. Your immune system is activated. And that causes insulin resistance at the cellular level. So it's like all connected.

It's all connected. Exactly right. So you need that intestinal barrier to be working and you need to be working 24/7. And you're right, fructose, because it has to be phosphorylated in order to get across, is depleting ATP from those intestinal epithelial cells. So again,

Oh, and the paper came out just about two weeks ago in the journal Cell from Ivanov's group at Columbia, which showed that sugar depletes the Th17 cells, which are the barriers, and IL-17, which is the barrier, which then allows all the fat to rush in and generate its own inflammation. So bottom line, you got to keep your gut happy.

And the way to do it is to feed it. And what you have to feed it is fiber. And the problem is processed food is fiberless food. So there you go. Number seven.

Yeah, we're not done. No, I know there's two more. Two more, two more. Number seven, methylation. So methylation is a process that goes on normally, but you don't want to methylate things out of hand. And if you are methylating proteins, they are losing function. You can methylate DNA and it will also cause problems in terms of function.

We know this from various genetic differences, like, for instance, the agouti mouse, and also from patients with methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. They end up having high levels of amino acid called homocysteine.

And homocysteine is a sticky amino acid that can drive cardiovascular disease. And so by increasing B1, B2, B6, B12 folate, we can keep methylation at bay. But again, processed food, not high in those things. And then finally, number eight, which is my favorite, autophagy. Autophagy is garbage night for the cell.

OK, so your cell makes junk. OK, during the course of the day, it makes junk. And that junk can be protein aggregates or lipid epoxides, various dysfunctional mitochondria because they burn out. And so you have to recycle the stuff to get it out. So imagine wherever you live, you live in Massachusetts. Imagine your garbage men go out on strike. OK, yeah.

for the first week now you're okay for the second week you know maybe starting to smell

Third week, you know, now the rats are kind of, you know, tempted. By the fourth week, you know, you may have some problems with your plumbing. And by the fifth week, you're going to move out of your frigging house. All right. Yeah. That's autophagy. That's garbage night. Okay. You have to recycle all the junk in order to make room for the new stuff. Okay. And that's a key part of longevity is to activate autophagy.

Absolutely. Autophagy and longevity are part and parcel of the same thing. And we're actually very interested in that. We're studying a specific supplement that might improve autophagy and therefore improve longevity. So that's near and dear to home. So now, Robert, you've talked about all these eight processes and the key to fixing them is what? The key to fixing virtually all of them is food. Okay. Now,

Glycation, fructose and glucose. Oxidative stress, fructose, glucose, various fatty acids like trans fats. Mitochondrial dysfunction, again, fructose, cadmium, other insecticides. Insulin resistance, fructose, glucose, branched chain amino acids.

intestinal, sorry, membrane integrity, omega-3s, inflammation, fiber, methylation, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, folate. And finally, autophagy, intermittent fasting, and also keeping your insulin down. So bottom line, all eight fixable by food.

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This podcast is separate from my clinical practice at the Ultra Wellness Center and my work at Cleveland Clinic and Function Health, where I'm the chief medical officer. This podcast represents my opinions and my guests' opinions, and neither myself nor the podcast endorses the views or statements of my guests. This podcast is for educational purposes only. This podcast is not a substitute for professional care by a doctor or other qualified medical professional.

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