A hurricane of misinformation
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A hurricane named Milton made landfall in Florida last night.

It left 3 million Floridians without power in coastal communities inundated. The trees are taking a beating. The power lines are really starting to wave. And we saw some sparks coming from a couple of homes down there. Milton arrived just two weeks after a hurricane named Helene devastated North Carolina. The death toll from Helene here in North Carolina now stands at 89 people. But while government agencies are coping with these crises, they're fighting on another front.

The federal government is now stealing the donations. At the White House, a remarkable scene in the middle of an emergency response, having to knock down conspiracies. They sent hundreds of billions of dollars to foreign nations. And you know what they're giving our people? 750 bucks. It needs to stop. If you care about your constituents, if you care about the people. A hurricane of lies coming on today explained.

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Today Explained, Sean Ramos for him. We got Juliette Kayyem on the show today. She worked in the Department of Homeland Security back when Obama was president, and she's the author of a book on disaster preparedness. So we asked her to help us understand how BS became one of the biggest hurdles this hurricane season.

Misinformation is not uncommon in disasters. They come on fast. People see things that don't end up being true. You know, they're sort of like eyewitness accounts. So someone says, you know, this community is flooded and it wasn't flooded. So responders are used to that in terms of trying to verify information. What we now have, and I think in some ways, disinformation is just a euphemism for lie. ♪

It's all over TikTok. It's not going to be on the news, of course, but... What we're experiencing now is a purposeful line about the nature of the response. The Federal Emergency Management Association, better known as FEMA...

is now arresting volunteers if they don't leave the Tennessee area. If you look on social media, if you look in the sort of, you know, atmospheres of response going on right now, there's a lot of false facts about the response, about how the Biden administration is responding. FEMA has flown in like 10 or more helicopters and blocked a runway here at Greenville downtown.

completely took over or almost took over the operation just because they're doing some good here FEMA's going to come here and try to stop it

They are then amplified by, in particular, Donald Trump and Elon Musk, now the owner of Twitter. So I saw information that he was putting out. It suggested that the FAA was preventing emergency flights, which is definitely not the case. And create their own reality that then has to be shot down by already overburdened first responders, emergency managers, and FEMA, which has put up

a rumor page on their website just to combat this crap. So, like, one example is Donald Trump consistently is saying that... They stole the FEMA money just like they stole it from a bank. Kamala spent all...

Her FEMA money, billions of dollars on housing for illegal migrants. Basic facts are that is not true. There was a separate line item to support migrants and sheltering that the Congress passed. That money was sent to FEMA to administer, but it wasn't

disaster management funds. They didn't even overlap. It's just like it's just the same entity as distributing these funds. So what does that do in the atmosphere? It creates a false division between the immigrants who are not getting this money and Americans who might be mad that the money that they want for the disaster relief is not available. And those are the kinds of things that then create a

I mean, they do a couple things. They demoralize emergency managers and volunteers. But most importantly, it's confusing victims about what they should do, what they have access to, and what's available to them.

And Trump's spreading lies at his rallies, but also on social media, yeah? Yes, at his rallies, at social media. So recently he suggested that resources weren't going to red states, that more Republicans were dying. There's just no—I mean, I'm laughing only because the absurdity of it. There's just no—

factual basis for it. But what's interesting is you're seeing Republican governors, Kemp, others push back on that narrative, saying we are getting the resources they want. We did get some good news yesterday. Director Stallings told me that the administration has agreed to cover 100 percent of cleanup costs for the first three months

which is what we were requesting for them. Why are they doing this? Because they know that they have to work with the federal government to protect their citizens and then also begin these recoveries. One of the most...

obnoxious, disgusting rumors that's being amplified out in the communication space is one that has gotten a lot of traction and it involves whether FEMA would take your home. They can seize all your land after a year and all your assets. Anything that you own, they can seize. If it's a dollar, if it's $750, if you do not pay them back.

they will seize all your property. FEMA has a process where they can buy your home. It's a very small program. If you, the homeowner, and FEMA agree for a fair market value and you don't want to live there anymore because it's been flooded four years in a row, and this is like a rational transactional decision. And so you hear people now say, well, I'm not going to leave because if I, in terms of an evacuation, if I leave my home,

The government's going to take it. I mean, so those are like the real world impacts of all of these lies. And it doesn't help that the guy who owns Twitter is fueling the fire.

Yeah, I mean, he is probably the biggest amplifier of disinformation, retweeting things that are just clearly false. And what they're trying to do is create divisions in communities in two ways. One is the divide between the citizen and government, which has always been a tactic there.

by that wing of MAGA-ism, and then between citizens and their neighbors. And I think why you're seeing such a concerted pushback by GOP governors, but also by FEMA and others who are calling this out is because they know it can harm their response capabilities. I should say this is being done

at a time when we're seeing our very communication networks under stress. Communications are down. It's hard to communicate with people. Back in Hurricane Sandy, I distinctly remember social media being useful for people. It was useful for people going through Sandy. It was useful for government agencies to get out information. Is that era of social media being a helpful tool in a disaster over?

It's over. It's over. Yeah, no, no, no. And this is something that I have, you know, I wrote, Elon Musk broke disaster Twitter. Huh.

Twitter's moment of birth, right? Like the moment that its founder realized its benefit was a minor earthquake in San Francisco. It had been a sort of, you know, just one of those other social media platforms, but it was that real-time authenticated information that was flowing in people's feeds. And it was then that the leadership at

Twitter began to take its responsibility in a disaster very seriously. So they did a couple things. One is

When something broke or something bad happened, there was algorithms pushed forward, government resources, authenticated weathermen. They had an entire team dedicated to disasters and Twitter. Elon Musk comes in and he breaks it up. One is he takes away any valid way of figuring out if someone is actually alive.

or if they've just paid for a blue check, he changes the algorithm so his feed and MAGA feed are sort of amplified during a disaster. And so you had an entire system, including the government, relying on Twitter to amplify good information, and that whole system is down. So this is the first domestic disaster where that is entirely clear. ♪

I'm Lily Knipp. I'm the senior regional reporter at Blue Ridge Public Radio. At our studios, it's been pretty chaotic throughout Hurricane Helene. Right now, we still don't have water, and everybody really is on the ground working as hard as they can to try and get information. I would say people have mixed feelings about the federal response. One of the things that we've really had to deal with

As reporters is dealing with misinformation about what it is that FEMA and the federal government is offering. When the storm hit, FEMA wasn't here for about three days. So some officials are unhappy about that.

There have been so many examples of misinformation throughout the storm. One of the very wild rumors out there was that the federal government actually orchestrated this hurricane, that they created it.

Just this week, our congressman, U.S. Representative Chuck Edwards, who's a Republican, had to put out a whole email kind of debunking different myths in western North Carolina. One of them is that FEMA is only giving folks that are impacted by the storm $750. That's not true. That's kind of the first immediate disaster response. But then after that, there's a lot of other funds that are available.

And so for folks who still don't have power, they're really relying on word of mouth, friends of friends kind of sharing this information. And so I don't think these are all malicious. I think some of it is just a lot of folks are really scared right now. People haven't had water for a long time. Some people haven't had power for a long time. But at the end of the day, the most important thing about the recovery efforts of Hurricane Helene

are the people of Western North Carolina. You know, we've never seen this amount of fatalities before, this amount of devastation. This is something that's going to take years and a lot of money to be rebuilt. This is going to be a really long process. And so I hope that people stay focused on that and that this stays a part of the national conversation about the region beyond just the

crazy rumors that have been swirling on Facebook around this storm. We're going to talk about FEMA and Milton when we are back on Today Explained. Support for Today Explained comes from The Washington Post. All right, guys. Thanks. Right now, you can go to WashingtonPost.com slash Explained to subscribe for just 50 cents per week for your first year. Sounds like a steal to me. The Washington Post offers substantial and considered coverage on a huge number of topics. You know that.

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This morning, Today Explained reached out to Sumi Somaskanda. She's a BBC reporter who's currently covering Milton just outside Miami. We know misinformation, disinformation, that has been a big theme in this storm, particularly in the wake of Hurricane Helene and the politicization of the hurricane response efforts that we've been seeing. And I spoke with Tampa Bay City Councilman Bill Carlson, and I asked him about this. And he said...

They had encountered in Tampa rumors and swirling misinformation, but he felt that government had been able to get ahead of it. And I asked him specifically about FEMA and whether there is mistrust of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in particular. And he told me that people were eager to get help, but he did say that many people were rejected by FEMA after Hurricane Helene, that they had put in claims that those claims were not accepted. So...

In other words, he also said FEMA has to get in and explain what is needed. And when I pressed him on that, he said, let's see if they get in quickly after the storm. A lot of the focus has rightly been on FEMA. So we asked Juliette Kayyem how she thought the agency was doing. Yeah, so FEMA is doing much better than when people remember it in 2005 in Hurricane Katrina because it

It learned its lesson. So people will remember it failed miserably. We'll admit it failed miserably. Its leadership wasn't strong. It didn't deploy fast enough. The White House wasn't on this. And we lost nearly 2,000 Americans, not solely because of the federal response, but it just contributed to not saving a predominantly Black American city, right? And that narrative...

you know, held on for a long time. We asked Juliette if the misinformation and disinformation around Milton was as bad as that which we saw after Helene.

You saw it more online than, say, from political leadership. But you saw two things going on. I mean, one is just the misinformation that the forecasts were incorrect, that this was government overreach. It was government hype, which then, you know, in terms of what's the effect of that? Well, that then gets people, citizens confused about what they're supposed to do.

And so that is sort of, you know, one major thing that happened leading into Thursday. You saw much more aggressive though, government FEMA pushback on that. They were sort of ready now. Helene was, I think they were sort of caught sort of shocked, like, oh my God, this is happening. So you saw just a lot of outreach, a lot of pushback on the misinformation. Uh, and even from, uh,

DeSantis, who pushed back on some of that. But you are saying there was pushback, even from Ron DeSantis, who I assume was pushing back on misinformation more broadly and not on specifically, say, his former opponent. We will utilize them to support some of the things we're doing. But you are not going to see FEMA running amok in Florida. I know that's been out there on the Internet. That is not going to happen.

I'm the sheriff that's in charge here, and we will make sure to protect you. Don't worry about it. No, no, he did not. He did not target his party, did not target Donald Trump. I mean, part of this is, or why is this happening now with the governors? The governor, you know, we saw this also with the governor of Georgia, Republicans pushing back on Trump, trying to have sort of factual statements. I mean, one is, of course, they, you know,

disasters and lots of dead citizens are not good for them and not good for them politically. I'll just be blunt here. So do you feel comforted looking at what we learn between Helene and Milton? Do you think this makes an agency like FEMA more prepared for the next hurricane and for the next

if you will, of misinformation? Yeah, I think it will on the misinformation and the lies front. I think it's just going to be part of your emergency management plan, right? You're going to push back on the rumors in a very formal way. It used to be done, but it was very piecemeal. I saw language coming out of FEMA spokespeople, which I'd never seen before. I mean, essentially just calling out the lies, calling people liars. Hmm.

in particular on social media. So they're using the language, the sort of freewheeling language of social media, which I think is important, rather than the sort of more formal language of government. And I think it's important to recognize why they're doing that. One is that they're incredibly demoralized. It's demoralizing to be working 24-7 to try to save lives and then have these jerks

come in and tell people to do the exact opposite. It adds to their vulnerabilities as first responders going out to these communities if there's people hostile to FEMA. It just confuses the population about what they're supposed to do in a disaster when time is so short to evacuate, to get your house ready, to get your family ready. I think from...

The hype around Milton, there was this sense that like it could destroy Tampa and it's early yet, but I don't think that happened. Do you think that sort of confirms and fuels this misinformation engine after an event like this?

Yeah, it definitely will. It will be viewed as overreach, as the government's incompetent. It doesn't know what it's doing. And it will breed a counter-narrative that they got everything wrong. Why does that matter? Well, one is there's going to be another storm. And so I think the next evacuation will be harder if...

if you don't see the kind of damage and the kind of death that everyone was worried about. But I also, you know, this is something that's common. It has a name. It's wonky, but it's called the preparedness paradox. If you are ready, right, you get houses ready, you get communities ready, you get them to evacuate, and the thing comes through and the damage is less than you were worried about, that's why you want it,

the evacuations, that's why he wanted the houses to be ready, people will say, "Well, what were you so worried about in the first place?" In other words, the government's reaction, which may have minimized harm and damage and death, may very well, paradoxically, be viewed as the government's original assessment was wrong. So I do think that this narrative will be pushed

and to say government incompetency. It's funny, you know, you're making me think like the only way to really combat that level of distrust is to just present a unified front. But we're less than a month out from an election and that seems...

Yeah, exactly. I mean, it is... There's no incentive for Donald Trump to, you know, just to shut the f*** up, right? I mean, there's just...

Sorry. I mean, it's like sometimes you don't have to have an opinion. Like just let the hurricane go through and let government do what it wants. But his incentive is, of course, to show incompetency and an overreach. That's part of his narrative of that only he can fix it. Julia, you've been on the inside of all of this. You've been on the outside of all of this. You're an analyst. You're writing about these disasters online.

with experience from working inside the federal government, if you could get one thing out to all the people who are affected by Helene, who will be affected by Milton, who will be affected by the next disaster, what would it be? I mean, in a world where you can't trust social media, where you're maybe not getting the right information from the government, from the news, whatever. Part of the plan, part of the response plan is you.

that you can do things now to make things less bad. Some of them are big, you know, can you get your house ready, right? So we have a mantra 72 on you, which is essentially, if you can, have enough water and food for 72 hours. It's just going to ease the pain. Also think about what

Media and information resources you will have available that are going to help you and your family in a moment. Do you have a radio? Do you have access to information? Do you know where your adult kids would be if something happened? This is when government needs to work, but are...

culture of preparedness really went dry in the post-Cold War era. We just weren't thinking about it. We weren't thinking about our vulnerabilities. That changed a little bit after 9/11, but the climate disasters, it now really has to change. And we all, if we have the resources, if we have the capacity, it is on us.

Professor Juliette Kayyem, she's at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, and she's the author of a book called The Devil Never Sleeps, Learning to Live in an Age of Disasters. This episode was produced by Halima Shah, Victoria Chamberlain, and Miles Bryan. It was edited by Miranda Kennedy, fact-checked by Laura Bullard, and engineered by Rob Byers and Andrea Christen's daughter. And we're missing Patrick Boyd at Today Explained.

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