The Supreme Court Makes Its Biggest Power Grab in a Generation
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I ask no favor for my sex. All I ask of our brethren is that they take their feet off our necks. Hello, and welcome back to Strict Scrutiny, your podcast about the Supreme Court and the legal culture that surrounds it. We're your hosts. I'm Melissa Murray. I'm Leah Whitman.

And I'm Kate Shaw. And the band is back together for this emergency episode that is somehow still not a term recap because the term will never end. This is hell and we live in it. So because the term is still ongoing, we will just be covering in this episode the three opinions that we got on Friday. And because, no, it's not really going to be the term forever. Monday is, in fact, the last day of the term. We're going to be talking about the three opinions that we got on Friday.

We are going to mix up the usual schedule of episode releases. So you actually won't have an episode in your feed at the usual time early in the morning. But fear not, we haven't been silenced. That's like probably still a couple of terms off and turns very much on the outcome of the presidential election. So for now, at least we're still allowed to podcast. All we're going to do is wait until later in the day. So we'll get the Monday opinions.

recap them later in the day Monday, and you'll have them in your ear holes, you know, like probably evening time, strict scrutiny after dark. And then we will have our term review in your ears the next Monday for the following regularly scheduled episode. At some point next week, we are also going to be making a return conjugal visit to the Why Is This Happening podcast with husband of the pod with his own pod, Chris Hayes, aka R. Rohde. So stay tuned for that as well.

It's so nice to see all the success our roadie has had. He's been amazing. He's really made something of himself, hasn't he? It's been great. He took a job, like, you know, and he really, you know, worked up, climbed the ladder, as it were, from strict scrutiny to where he is today. You love to see it.

Back to what is likely to be a very long episode. The court decided it just can't finish up by the end of June, which means today we're just breaking down the vergonia they issued on Friday, including their broadside on food safety, health, welfare, financial, consumer, and environmental regulation. But

before we get there. Let's talk about the fact that the court is going into July. So the last time this happened was COVID when the court in the country shut down for much of March and April 2020.

Because of that, the court had to schedule a makeup argument session in May 2020, and predictably the decision announcements went into the first week of July after it did so. Now, the court had gone into July before that in October terms 2013 and 2010, though it never happened between 1996 and 2009. So I think it's fair to say it's atypical for the court to go into July, and therefore it's notable that the court is doing so in the term, which

where it is deciding the immunity appeal from the Republican candidate for president. It certainly makes you think. I mean, going into July, is it a really deliberate FU? Like, we are going to go as long as humanly possible, and we can. They're just having too much fun, and they don't want the party to end.

Speaking of the party, let's shift to the fantastic party favors that the court offered us on Friday. So let's get into these opinions. Now, to be clear, we did not get what everyone is waiting for, which is that great white whale of an immunity decision. Obviously, the court was not going to release this decision in advance of the debate, but anyway.

Perhaps in light of the debate, it wasn't going to release it afterwards either and completely disrupt the news cycle. So we didn't get anything on immunity, but we did get a pretty big great white shark that is literally going to devour government as we know it. And that, of course, were the two cases that had been consolidated, Loper Bright versus Raimondo and Relentless versus Department of

So a little backstory is in order. In 1984, the court decided Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Counsel, and in that case held that in circumstances where a statute's text is ambiguous, courts should defer to the relevant agency to determine the meaning of the statute.

Today, 40 years after Chevron was decided, the court overruled this decision, as well as the line of cases that follow from it, decisions that have literally structured government as we know it for a generation. The chief justice wrote for the 6-3 majority, and all three of the Democratic appointees dissented. In deferring to administrative agencies to resolve ambiguous statutory text, Chevron provided evidence.

administrative agencies with the authority to do a wide range of regulatory activity. So this is stuff that we rely on every day. The regulation of air pollution, food safety regulations, drug safety regulations, workplace protections, clean water, airplanes, if you've been following any of the stuff that happens when like doors fly off of airplanes, railroads, transportations, basically anything

Every facet of modern American life has been subject to some form of agency regulation. And whereas under Chevron, agencies would resolve what the statute means, now by overruling Chevron, the court is saying, great news, we're going to have a great time.

We've got this. The federal courts are going to decide what all of these regulatory statutes mean. So Neil Gorsuch is going to be deciding how to make those Boeing planes safer. And I know my personal fear of flying just disappeared at that thought. Well, he's not just a justice. He's also a pilot.

So you're fine. You put on those robes and you can just do anything. A scientist, a physician, a climate scientist. He's all the things. He contains multitudes. He does. But as this exchange makes clear, given the composition of the federal courts from the Supreme Court on down, it is a safe bet that the courts are going to interpret statutes that give agencies authority to do things that

with a deeply skeptical eye and, in fact, a focus on deregulation, right? Like this court and many conservative lower court judges on district courts and courts of appeals will very much want to read statutes to give agencies as little power as possible, right? So courts are going to be in the position of deciding questions about clean air and water and food and drugs and consumer safety and financial markets, etc.,

And again, these courts, courts that are fundamentally hostile to the project of a lot of the things that are at the heart of the agency's mandates from Congress and honestly at the heart of the project of inclusive democracy, are going to be deciding what, if anything, agencies can do in these spheres. And again, that includes financial regulation, consumer protection, reproductive rights, environmental regulation, and more.

I personally can't wait for Matthew Kaczmarek to resolve more questions about drug safety and efficacy in the United States. That went so well the first time. You're not going to have to wait very long, Leah, because that's all we're going to get.

I think it's important to recognize that this whole shift is not just about disempowering the agencies. It's about empowering the courts, right? And so this is part of a pattern of practice of irrigating authority to judges, which is, again, kind of remarkable when you think about

The big hit on administrative agencies and the existence of an administrative state is that it allows unelected bureaucrats to make all of these decisions, and they're not subject to any kind of electoral pressure. Well, you could say the same things about judges, but...

Why let that get in the way of a good time? That's outrageous. No, no, no. No one would say that about judges. Anyway, all to say this is a huge deal. And I don't think people in the mainstream media or on social media were really quite grasping the incredible import of this. This is a dramatic sea change in American government. And the court did it because they can. They have the votes to do so and they wanted to do so. Chevron and the administrative state alongside abortion has been the met noire.

of the conservative legal movement for years. And once they had the votes, they took aim. And in the process, they're disempowering agencies, killing regulation, seizing a ton of power for the federal courts, and I think satisfying their emotional support billionaires who have wanted deregulation for a really long time.

emotional support billionaires with their corporations who don't want any regulation. Well, I mean, these cases were sort of spearheaded by the Koch brothers network. I mean, not a coincidence. No, no, these were a couple of lone herring fishermen, Melissa. And these were these were unjust regulations. To be clear, there were fishermen in this case, there were families who fished, and they were the lawsuit was supported and bankrolled by the Koch family.

industries and several law firms affiliated with the Koch brothers. So yes, the face of the case, these

family, you know, herring fishermen, don't tell the whole story. I would like to take this moment to personally thank the podcast listener who said, after we got this decision that quote, if the next episode of strict scrutiny is just the three hosts ranting and constantly swearing enough to make expletive deleted edit sounds like a Morse code distress signal, we the listeners perfectly understand. And I just want to say thank you, listeners, I feel seen.

Before we dive into the specifics of this momentous, catastrophic decision, we wanted to contextualize this case in light of some of the other anti-administrative state decisions that we got on Thursday and that Leah covered so well in our last emergency episode. We wanted to cover them together because, in combination, this suite of decisions eviscerates many of the varied powers that administrative agencies have, and that's a huge, huge

huge change. So first, there was jargsy. That was the decision that limited the SEC's ability to enforce federal securities laws by prohibiting the use of agency adjudication proceedings for civil enforcement actions. The case is obviously about the SEC, but critically,

The SEC isn't the only agency that relies on agency adjudication for enforcement. So while the challenge was nominally about the SEC, it will certainly have repercussions for other agencies that rely on administrative law judges and adjudication as a means of resolving disputes. And it will also have real consequences for the already overcrowded federal courts.

Because instead of relying on agency adjudication, agencies will now have to bring their cases in federal courts, which move more slowly and are now staffed with deregulatory enthusiasts. Those would be the judges who are hostile to the whole prospect of regulation. And so the end result will likely be that agencies will be compelled to triage their enforcement actions, focusing on the biggest and most important disputes while letting some of the others like the stuff that, you know,

small board investors are dealing with, like those things will sort of be shunted to the side in favor of the bigger actions that they can actually push through the federal court. So this is a big loss.

Can I just raise one thing that, Leah, I think you did not cover with Chris and Amanda when you guys broke down Jarkesee in the emergency episode earlier this week. But I just kind of wanted to get your take because I genuinely don't know what to make of this. So as we've discussed on the podcast, we also discussed this with Jon Stewart on his podcast. In this case, the Fifth Circuit held that the enforcement proceedings at the SEC, these particular proceedings, were unconstitutional for not one, not two, but three independent reasons.

And the Supreme Court here agreed with the Seventh Amendment jury trial holding. But as to the other two holdings, that this scheme violated the non-delegation doctrine and also violated the separation of powers because of the way it protected ALJs from removal, the Supreme

court just sort of said, hey, since the answer to the jury trial question resolves this case, we do not reach the non-delegation or removal issues. And I genuinely can't tell what that means about the other parts of the Fifth Circuit opinion. Like, the Fifth Circuit said these aspects of the agency design of the SEC, which are replicated in other agencies, are independently unconstitutional.

I mean, I am sure there are district court judges in the Fifth Circuit who are going to say, well, let's strike down all these same features of other agencies. And I cannot believe the, I mean, I guess I can believe like the chaos monkeys at the Supreme Court did not see fit to say anything else, but like we're not going to reach it. So presumably they are leaving intact those aspects of the Fifth Circuit's holding. Am I reading this right? No, I think that's right. That's insane.

But I mean, you give this power to the chaos monkeys. And like, I mean, I don't know if they notice it and didn't care. I don't know if they're like so busy, you know, drafting whatever nightmare opinion in the immunity case they're doing. But we have seen a pattern of what feels like kind of real dereliction of sort of the basic function of actually resolving cases, even doing a bad job, but resolving them. And I'm not sure they even did that here.

Okay, so that's Jarkesee. We also earlier this week had Ohio versus EPA, which is a case that you guys also covered on that emergency episode, Leah. And just as a reminder, that case limited agency's ability to adopt regulations because it basically made it easier for the court to second guess agency regulations and unravel those regulations.

by essentially claiming that agencies hadn't addressed some contingency or some comment that maybe hadn't even been raised and certainly wasn't important to the rule. So that's essentially what happened in Ohio versus EPA. And I think it's clear that it means that going forward, every agency decision that this court does not like will be open to second guessing.

At least, unless and until Amy Coney Barrett, who wrote, I thought, a surprisingly forceful dissent in this case, can manage to peel off her fellow, I'm going to put this in quotes, moderate consensus-driven conservatives like John or Brett. But, you know, that really is what the question about things like climate and the future of Earth should come down to, right? Like, can Amy get John or Brett on her side? That's what we're looking for here. Yeah.

And the answer right now is no. No. But I wouldn't rule that out, at least in some cases. Maybe if she smiled more. Right. Okay. So that's two cases that preceded today. Now we have Loeber-Bright, which says agencies don't get to resolve statutory ambiguities, which means agencies don't get to decide how much regulation a statute authorizes. Instead, all of these questions are questions for courts. What could go wrong? Well,

Well, you know, the courts who will be answering these questions about food safety, water safety and more are the same ones who referred to the nitrogen oxide gas that causes pollution as, quote, nitrous oxide, a.k.a. laughing gas. Not once, not twice, but five times in Justice Gorsuch's opinion in Ohio versus EPA.

So the guys who are confusing laughing gas for smog are now going to be tasked with resolving any uncertainty or ambiguity in the laws governing food safety, consumer welfare, health, environment, climate, clean water, lead, paint, like you name it, and more.

That was a truly egregious error. There was one other tiny one. But in Jarcacy, in the very first sentence, Gorsuch also has a typo, which is that he refers to the Security Exchange Commission instead of the Securities Exchange Commission. Ellie Mestal raised this on Twitter. But can you imagine all of the conservative crowing there would be if Justice Sotomayor or Justice Jackson had made that error in a decision? I mean, again, like...

They would go to town on them. Yeah. I just, you know, DEI, like all of it would be.

Fair game, but here we are. So we were just sort of laying the foundations for Loper Bright, and Justice Kagan and her dissent, which we will spend more time talking about, really does provide this broader context. So I'm going to read a quote from her here. We're going to read a bunch of quotes from her dissent in this episode. But the first one is, quote, "...it is impossible to pretend that today's decision is a one-off in either its treatment of agencies or its treatment of precedent."

As to the first, this very term presents yet another example of the court's resolve to roll back agency authority despite congressional direction to the contrary. And there she cites Jarcozy. As to the second, just my own defenses of stare decisis, my own dissents to this court's reversals of settled law by now fill a small volume. And she cites the Dobbs dissent. It's like Elena Kagan has receipts, bitches. Like I've been saying this all the time.

All right. We are going to discuss the cavalierness with which the court overruled Chevron. But just to lay out the stakes up front, I'm going to highlight a couple of passages from the Kagan dissent. So the dissent starts by making clear that Chevron, quote, served as the cornerstone of administrative law.

end quote, and quote, as the warp and woof of modern government supporting regulatory efforts of all kinds, to name a few, keeping air and water clean, food and drugs safe, and financial markets honest, end quote.

The TLDR here is that Chevron was a huge part of how we make government work for ordinary people, not just for emotional support billionaires. And indeed, the fact that it made government work for ordinary people, despite the wishes of those many emotional support billionaires, probably explains, at least in part, the rights antipathy for Chevron. And, you know, there it is.

We're like two years away from the court ruling six to three that all government is unconstitutional and just returning us to the state of nature. Or a star chamber where the court gets to do everything. Yeah. Yeah.

So how did this court overrule Chevron? Well, first, it cited Marbury v. Madison. As you do. And specifically the line, quote, it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Stop. One second. Like, literally the most consequential power grab that a court has ever done to justify yet another not quite as consequential but very consequential power grab that this court is doing.

A plus. Yes, exactly. The parallels are many. Also, as we have said before on this show, if you find yourself quoting and generally gesturing toward Marbury as the basis for your argument, that's probably a big tell that there's not a lot there. Do you remember when else this term Marbury came up a lot at the oral argument? The immunity case. Yeah. Hmm.

Hmm. Foreshadowing takes a seat on the couch. Really looking forward to what appearance that opinion makes on Monday. Well, we don't have long to wait. So the court inciting this chestnut from Marbury that the judiciary has to say what the law is. The court is kind of saying that the Constitution requires courts as opposed to agencies to interpret statutes.

although it's really the Thomas concurrence that goes full bore on the idea that Chevron violates the Constitution, the majority, rather than kind of going quite that far, largely rests its analysis on the Administrative Procedure Act, a statute that has been around since 1946. And the court in this case is basically like, you

Yeah, you all just didn't realize that Congress actually banned Chevron in 1946. And Chevron has always violated the APA since 1984, even though we have all of us decided and joined dozens and dozens of cases applying Chevron. And apart from Neil in the last few years...

And Thomas, in the last few years, no one has ever said anything about Chevron violating the APA. It's just an argument they decided was one they could, with a straight face, say justified overruling Chevron. And that's what they went with. Reasons. Reasons.

And maybe I should say exactly what they are arguing. I mean, I don't want to dignify it, but at least I should describe it, which is there's a provision of the APA which says, quote, the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions of law and, quote, hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings and conclusions found to be not in accordance with law.

So that's Section 706 of the APA. But as Justice Kagan noted in her dissent, Section 706 does not specify any standard of review for construing statutes. Like nothing in the APA says courts have to take the first pass at deciding what statutes mean. And nothing in this provision of the APA, I think, is inconsistent with Chevron. But obviously, I'm just a law professor with a podcast. And a woman. So shut up. The high priests on the Supreme Court have decreed otherwise.

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So the majority also has some other reasons for overruling Chevron. They point to the supposed confusion surrounding Chevron, saying that the major questions doctrine, among other rules, has created a, quote,

Who made those Byzantine preconditions and exceptions, sir? It's me. Hi. I'm the problem. Probably Joe Biden. I think Joe Biden probably did. Well...

That's the Spider-Man gif where they're all like pointing at each other. All right. The majority, not to stop there, goes forward to talk a little bit about stare decisis. Like literally, new phone, who dis? Like who is stare decisis? I don't know him. Anyway, the court notes that perhaps paradoxically,

Stare decisis doesn't require sticking to Chevron because Chevron requires the courts determine whether a statute is ambiguous. And who is to say what really is an ambiguity? I,

I think this is in some ways like kind of a self-owned because if some words and concepts are truly difficult to define, then you're conceding there is ambiguity and therefore that it is silly to tell courts to just come up with the one true best definition of statutory terms rather than considering and deferring to the views of administrative agencies. It's just...

It is the MAGAfication of the court. I mean, this is like if Marjorie Taylor Greene in her hearing with Dr. Fauci had had more language and possibly some kind of law degree, it might have looked like this. Like, we don't actually care about expertise. I'm not going to call you Dr. Mr. Fauci. Like, this is...

That's what this is. Like, I'm going to rely on a court to do this because I don't trust experts. OK. Yeah. Yeah. No, I think that sort of like deeply anti-expertise vibe, it permeates the opinion. The opinion does try to give a couple of reasons that it thinks, again, are facially plausible. So there's the exceptions that Leah mentioned, this major questions doctrine, of course, like an exception and other exceptions of the court's own making. The court goes on to say, look, given our constant tinkering with an eventual turn away from Chevron and its inconsistent application by the lower courts,

It's hard to see how anyone, Congress included, could reasonably expect a court to rely on Chevron in any particular case. So this is this argument that there's no serious reliance interests at stake here. And so, you know, that's one of the big factors in the stare decisis analysis, and it cuts in favor of allowing them to overrule Chevron. And as to the fact that there have been thousands of decisions since Chevron in the lower courts, where courts have used Chevron in cases involving the interpretation of statutes,

The court sort of like half-heartedly tries to say, don't worry, we're not saying each and every one of those cases is now open for revisiting because those decisions are entitled to statutory stare decisis. And the mere fact that the court relied on Chevron isn't enough to overrule them. But like note how little respect this opinion gives to statutory stare decisis. It's really hard to understand why we're supposed to take seriously. Because what the court is trying to do is say –

Look, we're not total chaos monkeys. We are not suggesting every single Chevron decision is now fair game for revisiting. But it's wildly unconvincing, that effort, right? A little chaos. Are you not entertained? Are you not entertained, America? Yeah, I, for one, am not entertained. No.

So one other thing to say about the court's discussion of Chevron, and I should acknowledge your little sentimental attachment to Chevron as a Justice Stevens opinion, but there is this contempt for Chevron on display at a bunch of places in the opinion that I actually found pretty enraging. So according to the majority, this 1984 unanimous opinion in Chevron, quote, gravely erred, quote, turned the statutory scheme for judicial review of agency action upside down, quote, was always unworkable.

For good measure, the opinion also says that the Supreme Court later modifications to the original Chevron opinion, quote, transformed the original two-step into a dizzying breakdance. I just have to intervene here. Two things. One, who here believes that anyone on this court knows how to breakdance or just dance? John, don't. That was so cringe. So did Sotomayor. He's literally the only person I think knows.

Can't hold a beat. That's fine. Number two, Chevron was a case against the Reagan administration's EPA. And in that case, the EPA had interpreted the statute in a truly deregulatory fashion. And the court blessed it.

That is all to say the outcome in Chevron, the unanimously decided but now apparently unworkable and gravely wrong decision, was completely consistent with conservative antipathy for government regulation and specifically the Reagan administration's antipathy for government regulation. And it was cheered by conservatives until it wasn't.

Yeah, and in some ways, like the fact that Chevron itself blessed this conservative outcome, this anti-environmental, like business-friendly reading of a statute, is I think part of the reason, and this kind of recalls a colloquy from the oral argument, but part of the reason the court is stretching to say, well, we're not saying that Chevron itself was wrong. Like the court was right to uphold what the EPA did there in kind of protecting power plants. And other cases, applying Chevron might be fine too. We're just saying going forward, the whole paradigm is wrong. As the advocate in that case said, he was right.

he thought Justice Gorsuch's mother's EPA's interpretation of the statute was correct.

I like your mom's EPA. I just don't like these other people's mom's EPA. Which is for any new listeners since then, like that is what inspired Leah to start literally singing on the episode. Neil's mom has got it going on, which was the first time I thought of the Stacey's mom song in decades. Never sleep on the fountains of Wayne. I don't know if it's a good song. It is a bop, but it's a bop. They were a one hit wonder. But that, that, that, you know, that was a hit. Yeah.

If only, Melissa. If only. No, Bostock was his one slammer. And that was a banger. Okay, sorry. I got to add McGirt to that list. All right. All right. Let me take it back. Fountains of Wayne was a one-hit wonder, Kate. That's all I'm going to say.

Deal. Fair. If only that were true about Neil Gorsuch. I fear he has many, many more hits to come. And let me just say one more thing about the way the court talks about Chevron, which is, I don't know about you two, but it really reminded me of the Dobbs court's similar disdain for Roe versus Wade, which was palpable in the Dobbs decision. Remember, the court describes Roe as involving, quote, an abuse of judicial authority, talks about its faulty historical analysis, calls it egregiously wrong from the start.

Also very dismissive of the idea that anybody would have relied on Roe. It like sneers at the idea that, you know, women and their ability to participate equally in the economic and social life of the nation has been facilitated by their ability to control their reproductive lives. So it's essentially that Dobbs energy that I think characterizes the Loeb-Bride Court. Well, we talked about this when we covered this in both the recap of the argument and the

the preview of the argument that, you know, a big question in this case, I think everyone knew that Chevron was

going down it was whether they would explicitly overrule chevron the way that they did dobbs or whether they do something more sub rosa like narrow it to the point of it being a nub and you know they were just like you know big full-throated overrule this bitch energy hashtag yolo court um you know when they conclude that the vibes are off in a previous decision they just need to end it um

As another sign that maybe this is a vibes decision where the court is just kind of like, well, it feels a little off to me. Yeah.

At various points, or at least one specific point, it felt like the Chief Justice went Coach Taylor on Chevron. Do not take the name of one Eric Taylor in vain like this. Do not disparage Tammy Taylor's husband by lumping him in with this. It's not me. It's the Chief Justice. So the Chief Justice writes, quote, the framers crafted the Constitution to ensure that federal judges could exercise judgment free from the influence of the political branches. They were to construe the law with, quote, clear heads,

and honest hearts. Clear eyes, full hearts, can't lose. And this is also a nod to Matthew Kazmierk, Texas forever, right? Like, you keep going, Maddie, right? Down in Texas. Matthew Kazmierk is like if Tim Riggins got to be a judge. Don't disparage Tim Riggins like that. Have you seen Matthew Kazmierk? Come on, Melissa. That's not cool. That's not cool, girl. Take it out, Melody. No!

You should live with it. You should have to live with it, Melissa. I mean, Tim Mertens is good for a lot of things. Judging is not one of them. Totally fair. Yes. Matthew Kazmirik, on the other hand, is not good for any of those things. None of those things. And also not judging. All right.

All right. The opinion here also appears to acknowledge that Congress can confer discretionary policymaking authority on agencies and that courts would have to defer to the agency in those circumstances. But here's the rub. It makes absolutely no effort to provide any guidance as to what might separate policymaking questions that an agency could decide from the legal ones that the court gets to resolve in its infinite wisdom. So it just says, quote,

When a particular statute delegates authority to an agency consistent with constitutional limits, courts must respect the delegation while ensuring that the agency acts within it."

Thanks, John. Very, very helpful. No notes. 10 out of 10. Congress and the lower courts are like, great, we know exactly what to do now. We got it on it. Thank you. The opinion also says that courts may seek guidance from agencies about how to interpret statutes and can rely on that guidance if it pleases the court. Sorry. Sorry.

That would be known as Skidmore deference. And again, the whole question of these other forms of agency deference definitely came up in the oral argument here as they debated Chevron. They also had to think about some of these other forms of deference. But the logic and reasoning of this opinion strongly suggests that Quartz...

actually have to come to their own independent conclusions about how to interpret statutes. And all of that suggests that there will probably be new challenges about what is within the purview of agencies and what is within the purview of courts. So I don't know that this settles much at all. I don't know if this keeps Skidmore deference off the chopping block. So, so much for overruling precedents in order to settle quote unquote conflict.

Here we go.

quoting the Skidmore factors, they leave out some of them and don't include all of them. And they don't try to hammer out the distinction between policymaking versus legal authority. And, you know, the court's failure to think about the consequences of a post-Chevron world are also reminiscent of Dobbs, right? They just overrule it and ignore everyone telling them, you're not going to get out of the business of abortion. This is going to have terrible, horrifying consequences. Right.

And it's just like, yeah, whatever. Leah, it's like you don't enjoy judicial restraint. I don't understand what's wrong with you. This is judicial restraint. You don't have to decide everything. You don't. Leave some things. Leave some things out. Should we pivot to the actually good part, which is the only glimmer of sanity on display in this opinion, which was the, of course, dissent by Justice Kagan for the three Democratic appointees? Yes. I love when sanity is supported by three people at a nine-member court. So let's talk about it. Okay. Yeah.

I wish the math were different, but I'm glad the sanity is there. So look, the dissent obviously challenges the majority's newfound like rabbit out of a hat interpretation of the APA, as we explained. And this is an argument that scholars have been making for some time, but the court has not come close to accepting it. And all of a sudden it is like, oh, Chevron has always violated this 1946 statute. Got it. But we also want to focus on

Justice Kagan's characterizations of what the court is doing, which helped to bolster the dramatic consequences and also the stakes of what the court did here in overruling Chevron. So here are some notable quotables from this dissent. And I'm just going to say notable quotables is a generous term because she is essentially dragging her colleagues for filth. And I'm here for it. So let's open the Elena Kagan Library. It's time for a read.

She begins with, quote, a rule of judicial humility, that would be Chevron deference, gives way to a rule of judicial hubris. Fact check true. Here's another one. As if it did not have enough on its plate, the majority... That's like, bitches, we have a whole other decision that we've never... Where's that immunity decision, boys? As if it did not have enough on its plate, the majority turns itself into the country's administrative czar. Like...

Stay in your lanes, fellas. Let's just decide cases and not other things. So that was shade if it wasn't clear. Definitely shade. Here's another one. The majority cannot destroy one doctrine of judicial humility without making a laughingstock of the second. If opinions had titles, a good candidate for today's would be hubris squared.

That would be a reference to Stare Decisis. And wow, Hubris Squared sounds like a great album. I'd totally buy it. Let's get it. Let's get it out there. Yeah, Hubris Squared is so good. Okay, let's read a couple of others. I'm going to read a longer one now. So here goes. Talking about the court, obviously. Its justification comes down in the end to this. Courts must have more say over regulation, over the provision of the law.

This reminded me of Justice Sotomayor's dissent, I think it was two terms ago, like this young and, no, it wasn't a young and restless, it was this restless court. Restless court, but then we added young. I did. Yeah.

And, you know, no edits to this, right? Obviously, Elena Kagan can like turn a phrase and describe what is happening. But like that description just evoked for me what our future looks like, which is Neil Gorsuch basically mansplaining to all of the PhDs and engineers and experts in the different agencies like,

what the ozone is and like what lead paint can be used and not. And like SCOTUSplaining science, safety, health, welfare is just... There's a title, SCOTUSplaining. I like that. Yeah.

She also, okay, so back to Kagan. So she also claps back at that cringy claim we were just describing, which is that the court's exceptions to Chevron have turned the two-step into a dizzying breakdance. So here's her response. If this is the majority's idea of a dizzying breakdance, the majority needs to get out more. I really liked that. I did too. I did too. I bet Elena Kagan can do the wobble. I wouldn't put it past her. I'm like,

I mean, I bet on her and not John Roberts. For sure. Oh, yeah. KBJ definitely can do the wobble. For sure. And one more, again, just to underscore what exactly this opinion is going to unleash. She writes, quote,

See Chevron itself. It puts courts at the apex of the administrative process as to every conceivable subject because there are always gaps and ambiguities in regulatory statutes and often of great import what actions can be taken to address climate change or other environmental challenges. What will the nation's health care system look like in the coming decades or the financial or transportation system? What rules are going to constrain the development of AI in every sphere of current or future regulation? Expect questions.

courts from now on to play a commanding role, end quote. This is our SCOTA-splaining future. And the potential blast radius of this decision is huge. All of the areas she lists and more, all of that goes to Neil, Brett, and co. And this is just a massive jolt to the legal system.

We should also highlight some of the separate writings here. There were two barely tolerable concurrences, one from Justice Thomas, and I say barely tolerable just because it was utterly predictable, and I'll explain why, and then one entirely intolerable concurrence from Neil Gorsuch with real pick-me energy. He really wanted to write this book.

this majority opinion. In any event, Justice Thomas predictably would have gone further than the majority. So instead of leaving things with overruling Chevron because Chevron deference violates the APA, Justice Thomas wants us all to know that Chevron deference also violates, quote, our constitution's separation of powers, end quote. So,

We get it. Clarence, you want Chevron dead, dead, dead. It's pretty dead right now. So just let it go. Let it go, my dude. I mean, he's basically like, I thought we were in our overruling error for real. Like, let's eat shrimp, right? This is big shrimp eating energy. If you don't know what I mean, go back and listen to the live show.

Yeah, we're at Red Lobster. But not to be outdone, Neil Gorsuch took the stage with a meandering, interminable concurrence that purports to elaborate on why stare decisis doesn't require adhering to Chevron. This is nearly as long as the majority opinion itself. Neal's is 34 pages to the majority's 35. Restraint.

That's judicial restraint, leaving off that final page, which seems predictable. You know, antipathy for the administrative state is his whole villain origin story. And he also, I shit you not, invoked Abraham Lincoln's criticisms of Dred Scott to justify overruling Chevron. He quotes from Abraham Lincoln's speech to say that,

It is bananas. I mean, he's totally a 10, but he keeps citing Dred Scott. By implication here, so...

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All right. That was not all of the joy that SCOTUS sparked on Friday. We also got a much anticipated decision in City of Grants Pass versus Johnson. This was the case about homelessness, and this was a 6-3 Gorsuch opinion, which also fractured along predictable ideological lines with the three liberal justices dissenting.

The court's conservative bloc upheld the Grants Pass law that bans camping out of doors or sleeping out of doors. The law defined the quote-unquote camping as sleeping in public with any item related to bedding, and it was challenged on the view that it violated the Eighth Amendment because it amounted to cruel and unusual punishment because it criminalized a status, being unhoused with no housing options. Plaintiffs also argued that the Eighth Amendment was implicated because the law of

criminalizes sleeping, a biological necessity.

And Neil Laughing Gas, the science guy I cite Dred Scott Gorsuch, concluded that although the criminalization of sleeping outside might appear to target the unhoused, in fact, the law applies to everyone. As he put it, quote,

shorter Supreme Court, stop being poor or campers. Or protesters. Right. Stop doing all those things. Yeah. Stay in a hotel. He is literally saying, without understanding the insanity of it, the law in its majestic equality forbids the rich as well as the poor. Right? I mean, from Sleeping Under Bridges, that is literally what he is saying, but he's like, missed the point in the most epic fashion. Neil Gorsuch missing a point. I never. I never.

revolutionary. Yes. So Justice Sotomayor is, you know, not just going to let this stand. She responds in a powerful dissent from herself and for the three Democratic appointees, basically saying that, meaning Neal's characterization of the world, describes a fantasy, right? In reality, the deputy chief of police operations acknowledged that he was not aware of any non-homeless person ever getting a ticket for illegal camping in Grants Pass,

Officers also testified that laying on a blanket enjoying the park would not violate the ordinance and that bringing a sleeping bag to look at stars would not be punished. Instead, someone violates the ordinance only if he or she does not have another home to go to, which is the literal definition of being homeless. And that is who is targeted by this law.

I just wanted to add that this was not the first time that Justice Sotomayor has had to call Justice Gorsuch out on his completely misguided, ham-handed command of the facts. So listeners, you'll recall her dissent in Kennedy v. Bremerton School District a couple of terms ago, where she actually provided photographic evidence to dispute Gorsuch's very shady and understated

underwhelming recitation of the facts, which missed a lot of major points that would have been useful in the disposition of the case. So she seems to be making a habit of this, and he seems to be making a habit of that. So in any event.

Listeners will also recall that in grants passed, the lower courts here relied on a 1962 court decision, Robinson v. California, which held that it violated the Eighth Amendment to criminalize being a drug addict because drug addiction is a status. While you can criminalize the conduct of using drugs, you cannot criminalize someone for being an addict.

Gorsuch's opinion meaningfully does not overrule Robinson, but here's the rub. It definitely suggests that Robinson's reasoning is questionable. In fact, he says that there are lots of problems with the reasoning. And the majority muses that it would be unclear whether the Eighth Amendment prohibits the criminalization of anything.

In this regard, the majority did not overrule Robinson as many commentators feared after oral argument because there was a lot of overruling energy at that oral argument. But it seems very clear that Robinson has been very much limited, maybe even hobbled and undermined. And with that in mind, Justice Thomas took this nod toward judicial restraint personally.

Justice Thomas parked his RV for a moment to sit down and put pen to paper and draft a separate concurrence in which he invited his colleagues to finish the job, to go further and actually overrule Robinson so that it was clearly dead, dead, dead.

Justice Sotomayor's dissent, which we've already mentioned, really centers the lived experiences of unhoused persons. She discusses particular individuals and their cases, including an individual named Jerry Lee, who is a Grants Pass resident who sleeps in a van. As Justice Sotomayor describes it, over the course of three days, he was woken up and cited six times for, quote, camping in the city limits in violation of this ordinance just because he was sleeping in his van.

She also explained how shelter beds that are available in theory may be practically unavailable because of restrictions on them. So she describes an individual, Carrie Lynn Hill, who couldn't stay at one shelter because she'd have to check in her nebulizer as medical equipment, even though she has to use it at least once every four hours and she couldn't use it in her room. Or someone named Deborah Blake, whose disabilities prevent her from working and so she can't comply with the shelter's requirement that its residents work 40-hour work weeks.

The bottom line of this decision is it makes it easier to criminalize homelessness and jail the unhoused. And, you know, I worry it's going to open up kind of a mass incarceration of the unhoused because apparently criminalizing homelessness is OK, but criminalizing bribery, that's just a bridge too far, a bridge gate too far. Right.

It's good. No, it is rich to have Snyder and Grants Pass come down in the same way, in the same week. At least they spaced them out. Like they probably understood. Not great. Great optics. Just one more thing to say, though. So obviously the court says it's a matter of the federal constitution and the eighth amendment. This claim fails. This ordinance can stand.

But that does not mean that there are not obstacles under state law or that the state Supreme Court might find under the state constitution. And I just feel like that's an important refrain for this moment when this court is going to be as restrictive as we know they will be in reading the protections of the federal constitution. That's not necessarily the end of the story of this kind of challenge. And, you know, there are other arguments, I think, even under Oregon law against this ordinance. And so those are not resolved by the outcome in this particular case. Another plug for state level constitutionalism.

Stay tuned for some summer episodes on state constitutional law. Yep. All right. Well, that brings us to the final decision that we received on Friday, Fisher v. United States, which many of you will remember is the January 6th case, or at least it's one of the January 6th cases.

So Fisher involved the question of the proper interpretation of 18 U.S.C. Section 1512 C.2, which is the federal criminal law under which many of the rank and file January 6th insurrectionists were charged with violating.

Meaningfully, the special counsel's indictment of Donald Trump charges Trump with two counts related to the statute. The statute prohibits obstructing, influencing or impeding an official proceeding. And that prohibition is in one section of the statute and it follows another provision that prohibits the destruction of documents and records.

These provisions were enacted as part of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the wake of the Enron scandal, where preventing the destruction of documents and the obstruction of official proceedings in the context of an investigation was top of mind for Congress. I say all of this because the case presented the court's avowed textualist with a real conundrum.

By its terms, the text as it were, the statute would apply to the obstruction of any official proceeding. But the origins of the statute, its purpose, if you will, was squarely focused on Enron-style concerns, evidence tampering, the destruction of documents in the context of a federal investigation.

And typically, it's liberals who argue that we need, in the context of statutory interpretation, to think about both the text and the context of a statute, while conservatives insist that we can answer statutory interpretation questions by focusing exclusively on the text.

Here, though, the January 6th defendants are arguing that you have to look at not just the text, but also the context. And if you look at the context, well, maybe the statute shouldn't apply in their cases. And so tough times for those who like a little textual healing on the side. I mean, to be clear, they were wrong, but that is the argument that they were making at the court and that the court did accept. So they were only wrong for a minute and then they were right. So there it is.

Were they right, though? They just won. They just won. What is right? What is wrong? What is law? Who is to say? The vibes were off in these prosecutions, though. So in terms of what the court specifically did, so basically what these defendants were arguing is that even though the specific section under which they were charged or convicted does not mention, does not say any

anything about documents or records or destruction of documents or evidence, but surely that's what Congress had in mind and intended to prohibit when it prohibited otherwise interfering with official proceedings, even though again, this subsection doesn't say anything about documents or records or anything else.

But this 6-3 opinion by Chief Justice Roberts agreed with the defendants. So basically said that this antecedent provision of a statute that does make reference to documents also carried into the sub 2 requirement of document destruction or similar record tampering.

It's almost like when the 14th Amendment implies a right to bodily autonomy, even though it doesn't say so explicitly. Wait, no, actually, that's all wrong. Never mind. It's probably more like the implicit protection of ex-presidents from prosecution for the sum of their official conduct. I feel like there's more. If only Uteruses just stormed the Capitol and tried to overthrow the government, maybe they would enjoy some implied rights. Maybe. Maybe.

Maybe they should. No, they probably would still be in jail because the statute's interpretation would be completely different for the uterus. Probably. So we should say the 6-3 split actually isn't totally predictable. So it was the five Republican appointees, so without Barrett, and then Justice Jackson concurring. And I think concurring in part to say, you know, I think two things. One, that some J6ers might still be subject to prosecution under this same statute and the proper interpretation the court lays out in this case.

Just the cases need to be made out differently, but it isn't necessarily the case that all of these convictions are now invalid. But she's also, I think, making a long game point about the importance of purpose in statutory interpretation, which she does think matters. And, you know, she wants to put a stake in that right now and hopefully...

I mean, you know, who knows? Down the road, she will try to like tie her conservative colleagues to the mast of this mode of interpretation. Whether that will work or not, like who knows? But I suspect that is at least in part why she joined this. I love that Katonji is trying to bring a CVS receipt to the next statutory interpretation party because she's like,

we were all about purpose back there. And they're going to be like, Katanja is a totally different situation. I know. This is the question. It's like, is Elena like, oh, honey, we don't, that doesn't work. You sweet summer child. Exactly. You've only been on this court for two years. Yeah. I mean, it's understandable, but you'll learn. I feel like that might, that might be happening in the background. But good. A for effort. Like she was, she was trying to lay a marker down and I appreciate it. And just,

Justice Barrett wasn't in the majority and actually wrote the dissent joined by Sotomayor and Kagan, which was actually a thought kind of like the Ohio versus EPA case, like a surprisingly forceful dissent. Yeah. And one thing about the dissent and majority, you know, the majority basically concedes that the dissent's interpretation of the law is false.

literally permissible, which, you know, if you think back to the Chevron case, when they were just insisting statues really only mean one thing, if you just stare at the text, it's kind of an interesting aside. And then the majority, I think, conceded that it was, quote, context, you know, that led to their interpretation. So, you know, as to whether they'll follow it in the future, obviously not. But anyways.

So the court narrowed the reach of 1512C, but it did so in a way that I think preserved the possibility of upholding some convictions under 1512C for January 6th defendants, because it's just the case that now in order to get a conviction, prosecutors will have to make the additional showing that the defendant did something that impairs the integrity or availability of records, documents, or objects for use in an official proceeding. That's what the

The majority said, and it's possible prosecutors could make that showing in some January 6th cases if they introduce evidence that the January 6th insurrection impeded Congress's processing of certificates. The court also added that it is possible to make this showing by establishing that a defendant, quote, created false evidence, end quote, in addition to altering evidence, which I think could prove significant in Special Counsel Jack Smith's case against Trump, given Trump's involvement in the fraudulent electorate. So, of course, that additional showing would probably require

require additional allegations. And, you know, that could further delay the Trump case, at least. Well, I think that's a really important point to underscore that, again, making out that showing is going to require additional evidence and allegations. And that could result in potentially another round of proceedings before Judge Chetkin, which would delay the start of the election interference trial even more. But it might also be an opportunity to present in an open court forum the

All of this evidence, which might be the only kind of public adjudication that we get on this question if we're not actually going to see a trial start. So maybe that's the upside of it.

And just to beat more on how the majority got to this result, you know, it leaned heavily on the word otherwise, suggesting that it dragged in the preceding section's references to documents. But as Justice Barrett's dissent pointed out, and as Justice Kagan had noted during the argument, that assumes the answer to the question of what otherwise references and incorporates. You know, it could just be bridging the two provisions as methods of obstructing a proceeding, one by destruction of evidence and the other by other means. So the majority just resorted to

as all good textualists do, to the history of the provision, by which they basically meant legislative history and Congress's purpose. When textualists are actually purposivists. Right. Amazing.

Barrett's dissent was definitely prickly, definitely had some, hey, I thought we were actually doing real textualism, you tools. And it says that the majority reaches its conclusion because, quote, it simply cannot believe that Congress meant what it said, end quote. And it then goes on to accuse the majority of doing, quote, textual backflips to find some way, any way, to narrow the reach of subsection C2, end quote.

Amy, we hardly knew ye, but I like it. More of this energy, please. There was that. And I also thought she might have been signaling that she is maybe less of a stop the steal enthusiast than some of her colleagues. And if that's true, I want to personally apologize for any suggestion that I might have made on this podcast that she seemed a little too comfortable with that phrase during, I actually now can't remember if it was this argument or the Trump immunity argument. Oh, stop. It was the Trump immunity argument. Yeah. So I don't know. Maybe I'm overreading. It's subtle. But at a couple

of places I did think maybe she was saying she's actually not super down to coup. Here's my evidence. It's not necessarily silver bullet, but suggestive. One, she says mob of rioters to describe the individuals who stormed the Capitol. Jackson says angry mob. Rob

Roberts does quote evidence and talks about violent conduct, but does not use that term mob. Thought that was interesting. She also writes that Section 1512C2 is a broad provision and admittedly events like January 6th were not its target. Who could blame Congress for that failure of imagination? I mean, it seems like she's saying like what happened on January 6th was absolutely insane. And I think that, and I'm not sure everybody on this court thinks that, but I at least believe that. And again, probably this is like...

my me over reading and filled with hope that she has some decency in her but i thought there was at least a chance that's what this descent suggests there's one thing kate shaw is going to do it's going to give someone the benefit of the doubt a doubt i mean we will see what happens with our resident pollyanna like gonna invite her to the book club 72 hours we will see

All right. So should we briefly flag some non-SCOTUS news? I mean, there's one thing that I think we do need to mention, which is that if everything that we just listed wasn't enough shitty news to send us into the weekend, the Iowa Supreme Court has ruled, just ruled on Friday, that the state's six-week abortion ban can be enforced.

This was a 4-3 opinion that applied rational basis review to uphold the law, which had been enjoined by the trial court. And it is a forceful reminder of the enormous importance of state courts. Again, we'll talk more about that in summer episodes. And I just wanted to mention one line from The Dissent, authored by Susan Christensen, who is a Republican appointee, but also has a brain. And she says...

quote, the majority's rigid approach relies heavily on the male-dominated history and traditions of the 1800s, which again, sounds like something we would say. So check that into my veins. Yeah. And for three. So we're, you know, there are people, even Republican appointees who see the madness of this method. And I say to them, join us. And, you know, just kind of looking backwards at shitty news as well. Backwards and forwards. It's on all sides.

It's just been an absolute shit show this week. So there was a presidential debate. I

Wait, like U.S. president? Yeah. Is that true? Is that right? Did that happen? We are a Supreme Court podcast, but during said debate, some issues related to the Supreme Court came up. And we at least wanted to, I don't know, say some things about some of what was said because not everything was rebutted, let's say in an effective way. And these things just...

Cannot stand. So, for example, Donald Trump claimed that, quote, everyone wanted Roe versus Wade overturned. Every legal scholar wanted Roe versus Wade overturned.

Three legal scholars here. Not true. Nope. Nope. Not true. Not us. What I was going to offer is perhaps Donald Trump has the same approach to assessing legal scholarship as Brett Kavanaugh, which is it only counts if a man writes it. You know, but even then it still wouldn't be true. I really wish someone had said that at the time. Yeah. I wish I could have been his anger translator. So also, yeah.

There was a really interesting sort of interlude where we were told that abortion is a, quote, complex, but not really complex question. And we also learned that Donald Trump, quote, personally supports exceptions for rape and incest, but said that people have to, quote, unquote, follow their heart.

This is the same guy who put three justices on the court who all said that they had some level of respect for precedent and then went and joined their friends in overruling Roe v. Wade. So I just want to underscore that.

Where we are now is a direct result of things that Donald Trump did. And two quick things about that, because when asked about, you know, whether he would roll back medication abortion, all Donald Trump would say is, well, I just want to leave it to the states and the Supreme Court approved medication abortion. No, they did not. Did not approve medication abortion, as listeners of this podcast know, and someone should have said during the debate. And second, a moderator could have also said,

interjected there. So just want to put that out there. Jake Tapper, Donna Bosch, not really doing that. Also, leaving it to the states is a way of saying the following. One, it's okay for states like Idaho and Texas to just straight up ban abortions, even in circumstances that are necessary to save a pregnant patient's life or health, right? That is part of what it means to leave it to the states.

And second, right, it is a way of saying, I am not going to do anything at the federal level to secure access to abortion, whether that is, for example, retaining the FDA's current regulations on Mifepristone or not enacting a federal statute or enforcing a federal statute like EMTALA to ensure that emergency medical care is available. And again, like, no one is saying these things. And I just think,

Any person who has dipped their toes into what is happening right now on abortion and reproductive justice could have screamed bloody hell at everything coming out of Donald Trump's mouth.

Also want to know when should we pivot to immigration now? Yeah, that's what I was going to say. You know, there was a tee up question for President Biden about abortion. And I'm not sure why. Like, he instead began talking about immigration. That was a really important moment for him to, again, connect.

what has happened with Roe versus Wade and all of the fallout to Donald Trump, his appointment of these really extreme conservative justices. And also to note that although his authority is really limited, the federal government has done as much as it can to try and preserve abortion access. And that includes fighting hard on the question of the FDA's regulation of Mifepristone and fighting hard on EMTALA. And it would have been useful, I think, to note, although maybe this is too in the weeds for

cable news, but the court punted on both of those questions, likely because they did not want those discussions in the discourse going into an election, but they're going to come back to it. And he could have made the court, I think, part of this entire debate. Like, if you care about reproductive rights, you've got to care about this court. You've got to care about what they're going to do under Donald Trump. Also would have been a great time to bring up Project 2025 and Comstock. The fact that they don't even need

Congress to enact a nationwide abortion ban. They just need a new president and a new Department of Justice headed by Josh Hawley, Ted Cruz, the gentleman from Cancun, whoever, to start enforcing the Comstock Act. But, you know, crickets on that. And that was really disappointing.

And to underscore a point that I think you made implicitly, Melissa, like when Donald Trump is saying, oh, I'm not going to roll back access to medication abortion or I don't support a federal ban. Just to say, look, you put up three nominees to the Supreme Court who told the American people they respect precedent and that Roe and Casey were such precedents only to turn around and immediately overrule it and pull the rug out from American woman. Why can we believe anything you fucking say?

about this issue given that it's politically inconvenient for you to acknowledge that you are fine with states forcing women to experience health care emergencies because you just want to leave it to the states or whatever it is you want to do. Like, why should we believe you when you say you're not going to roll back access to medication, abortion, or anything else? Again, just like,

I mean, speaking of lies, Donald Trump said a lot of things about abortion. But I would love to know, as someone who has been writing about this, reading about this for a long time, what the fuck is an afterbirth abortion? Like, what is that? A post-birth abortion? Like, isn't that like one that doesn't happen? It's a null set. And it doesn't happen. And if it did happen, it would be properly referred to as infanticide or murder, which is illegal already. Yes.

That's not abortion. That is murder. Right. So, I mean, I just like, again, the sensationalism. And again, there's a lot you can say about all of the performances, but everyone had room for improvement here on both candidates and both moderators. But coming back and pushing back on this anti-abortion shibboleth about post-birth abortion would have been a really important intervention for the moderators to make.

Anyway. So if that wasn't enough good news for all of you, we'll probably wrap up now. A quick reminder that we would love to hear from you for a summer episode to mark our five-year anniversary. Five years of good cheer. If you are a regular listener, we would love to hear from you. And if you're up for it, we'd love to hear from you in your actual voice. Five years of mouthy uteruses. Okay.

I mean, honestly, this could be a sort of a cathartic undertaking for some of our listeners figuring out what to do with the emotion, the rage, the like fear, all of it happening right now. Just hit record. This is what we do. Sometimes it really helps. Exactly. Like record.

Record a voice memo telling us a little bit about yourself, your name, maybe what you do, where you tend to listen, any favorite episodes or guests or moments, or any rejoinder you might want to offer to any of the justices' writings. Keep it short, of course. Send those to us at strictscrutinyatcrooked.com. And if for whatever reason you don't want to send a voice memo, you can just send an email to that address and we can have Melody read some of them. And when the term is done, because...

We are already desperate in need of something to lift our spirits. We will include some of them in a special five-year anniversary summer episode. And if you have songs, we totally love songs. Like someone sent us – we actually couldn't include it in our live show, but we really wanted to. Living – what is it? Living Alito Loca? Yeah.

Yes. That was great. So good. Living Alito Loco. Gorsuch's mom has got it going on. Right. I mean, I wish someone would do Martha Ann to the tune of Barbara Ann by the Beach Boys. Like someone's got to think about it. All right. Anyway, so that was great. The Chaos Agents released the most on a Friday, but not the immunity decision. Let's let that keep until Monday. And we'll be back in your air holes on Monday afternoon to give you a little more listening pleasure.

Strict Scrutiny is a Crooked Media production hosted and executive produced by Leah Lippman, me, Melissa Murray, and Kate Shaw. We're produced and edited by Melody Rowell and Michael Goldsmith is our associate producer. Our interns this summer are Hannah Sarath and Tessa Donahue. We get audio support from Kyle Seglin and Charlotte Landis, and our music is by Eddie Cooper. Production support from Madeline Herringer and Ari Schwartz, and Matt DeGroat is our head of production. Many thanks to our digital team.

including Phoebe Bradford and Joe Matusky. And you can subscribe to Strict Scrutiny on YouTube to catch full episodes. Find us at youtube.com slash at strictscrutinypodcast. If you haven't already, be sure to subscribe to Strict Scrutiny in your favorite podcast app so you never miss an episode. And if you want to help other people find the show, please rate and review us. Five stars only. It really helps. Bonus points for Friday Night Lights references. Clear eyes, full hearts.

Can't lose. This is Tim Regan's favorite podcast. For sure. QB1. And Landry. Landry has had an amazing career. Tim I've seen less of, sadly. I would like to see more of him. Yeah, like the twirl. We should do the Tammy. Yeah, I love Tammy Taylor. I want one of those. Yeah, the Tammy Taylor wine glass meme. Yeah, I love that. I feel like we all need that right now. Did Amy Schumer do that? That was funny. Yeah, it's really good.