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This week on the New Yorker Radio Hour, Bradley Cooper talks with me about his lifelong dream of conducting an orchestra, which he does in the new film Maestro. That's the New Yorker Radio Hour, wherever you listen to podcasts.
Hey, it's Latif. This is our third episode of our trilogy about the U.S.-Mexico border that we initially ran back in early 2018. The first episode was from the border community's perspective. Second episode was from the government perspective. This episode is mostly from the migrants' perspective.
At the end, we have an update looking at whether and the degree to which these issues from the Trump era are still around in the Biden era. And before we start, quick content warning. This episode includes graphic descriptions of human remains and may not be suitable for younger listeners. Wait, you're listening to Radio Lab.
So we come back here where you see you had another case. Oh, what are those hairs? That's dried muscle. Oh, that's muscle. The closest I can...
The closest thing I can say is the muscle dries out, so it gets stringy and shredded. Okay, wait, wait. Actually, let's just start from the beginning. Okay, so we are in what room is this again? We're in the special procedures room of the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner. And what we're looking at here is a case, mostly skeletal remains. So we have a skull, we have a few, we have some parts of the...
The spine. Spine, it looks like, and then just two. And all three major bones of the lower limb. So the two thigh bones, the femurs, and the two tibias, and the two fibulae. We know it's the male. He's an adult. Okay. 20 to 30 to 40-year-old migrant. He came in in late January, early February. And animals found him.
Maybe 50% of his skeleton is missing. His upper limbs and his pelvis and most of his spine are missing and his hands and feet are missing. We have evidence here that a vulture was feeding on the person. I don't know if this is... That's a beetle. That's a dermestid beetle.
That's a beetle? It's called a hide beetle. They're found globally. Right. And these hide beetles specialize in eating dried, hard tissue. So he's still eating? He is. He is. Wow. He was in the body bag. He and his colony would have been on the body, in the body bag. And although we try to get most of them off during our exam, you can see there's lots of little crevices where a single bug could be. Wow. Oh, wow. That's so... Yeah, wow. Wow.
I'm Chad Abumrad. I'm Robert Krolwich. This is Radiolab. And today we present the final episode of our Border Trilogy. With producers Latif Nasser and Tracy Hunt. And this is episode three. Which we're calling What Remains. What Remains.
Yeah, okay. So just to catch everyone up. Here's Latif. The person I was just talking to, his name is Bruce Anderson. He's a forensic anthropologist at the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner in Arizona, which is where when they find a body of an unidentified migrant in the Sonoran Desert, that's where they bring them. And
Bruce had been working there, you know, on and off since the 1980s. But he told me that it was only in the early 2000s that he started seeing, you know, just more and more and more of these migrant bodies being brought in. And we're just crushed by the weight of all the dead and all the missing persons reports. And, you know, it's like working a mass disaster when people are still dying and planes are still crashing around you. And you throw your hands up in the air sometimes and you just think, when's it going to stop?
And it hasn't stopped. The number of bodies found last year was in the same range as the year before. The number of people crossing did go down after Donald Trump's inauguration, but traffic has basically rebounded. So people are still coming through the desert. They're not being deterred. Which made us wonder, is deterrence, that fundamental idea behind our current border policy, is it even possible? Now, in some ways, that's a policy question, which we talked about in our last episode.
But it's also a human question.
Is Jason still there? I'm still here. And that's what led us back to the person who we started this whole journey with, the anthropologist Jason DeLeon. All right. Can you hear Latif too? I sure can. Good morning. Oh, good morning. Fantastic. Well, I feel like maybe we should just start off where we left off, which is that you were going to tell us the story of Maricela. Sure. When was this, by the way? This would have been June of 2012. Okay. So we had been...
About two weeks into the pig experiment. This is a series of experiments where Jason and his team, mostly students, looked at how pigs decompose in the desert in order to understand how people decompose in the desert. And it wasn't until about two weeks into this experiment where we were out hiking one day with a group of about nine people. Down in southern Arizona. And so on this particular day, on this trail that I had hiked many, many times, a
A student had run ahead to check stuff out and was taking pictures of us as we were walking up this hill. He turns around and starts yelling at us. He says, "Hey, you gotta come up here. Something has happened." So I threw my backpack down and I race up this hill. And by the time I get up there, I see that he's kind of staring at this body that's just laying face down in the dirt on this trail.
Like a fully intact body. Yeah. A woman's body. You could tell it was a woman because she had long hair. You know, she's wearing camouflage clothes, stretch pants, women's running shoes on. She's got a scrunchie around her wrist. But the rest of it, I mean, her body was incredibly bloated. I mean, to the point where it looked like it was about to pop from all the gases that had built up inside of her body cavity.
I didn't know what to do at this point. I mean, you know, the students start walking up. I mean, these are young students. We had someone in the group who was 18, 19. For some of the students, this is the first time they've seen a dead body. One of them was crying. I tell everyone, I say, hey, look, you got to go sit down and give me a second here to figure out what it is we're going to do here.
So first he called the police. We did that and then we kind of had a conversation. Are we going to photograph this person? Are we going to record any information? Are we still doing research right now?
And Jason decided, yeah, we should document this. You know, we took some notes down. Gray to green discoloration. About what she was wearing. Brown to black discoloration of arms and legs. Took some pictures of the body. Her fingers have started to curl. Her ankles are swollen to the point that her sneakers seem ready to pop off. There's a steady hissing of intestinal gases. And then it just got to the point where I was like, okay, this is enough. I don't want to do this anymore.
And so they covered her with a blanket because Jason noticed the birds. Circling overhead? Four turkey vultures. And so at that point, they just sort of sat down and waited. For the police to come, the sheriff. An hour went by, two, three, four. Just waiting with the body. It was about five hours in that a sheriff and three border patrol agents show up. And they had hiked three miles to get to Jason with a stretcher. And so they bring the stretcher.
And the sheriff puts on gloves. He asks them a few questions like, did you guys put the blanket on there? And then they roll her into this white body bag. And as the authorities do that, Jason, because she was face down, Jason gets to see her face for the first time. And so he writes a paragraph in his book and it's pretty gruesome. But I'm going to I'm going to read to you the paragraph that he he writes about in his book.
As her body turns, I see what is left of her face. It is frightening and unrecognizable as human. The mouth is a gnarled purple and black hole that obscures the rest of her features. I can't see her eyes because the mouth is too hard to look away from. The skin around the lips is stretched out of shape as though it had been melted. Her nose is smashed in and pushed up. She died face down, and the flesh on the front side of her skull has softened and contorted to fit around the dirt and rocks beneath her.
Jason says he just couldn't shake the question. Who was this woman? How did she end up face down in the desert?
So that night... I remember Jason calling me. Jason called a friend of his, a woman named Robin Reinecke. Him being really clearly shaken and, you know, asking for advice. Robin actually runs this nonprofit. In Tucson called the... Colibri Center for Human Rights. Colibri Center for Human Rights. And they do a lot of work with the missing and with bodies that have been recovered. So Jason tells her... Look, today we had this thing, we found this person out here and... Could you help us ID her?
Now, the thing is, Robin's office is actually in the medical examiner's office. So that means that just down the hall from Robin is...
The guy we met at the beginning, Bruce Anderson. Probably a couple hundred people, or at least bones of a person are in here. So Bruce is working on the medical examiner's side. So anytime an unidentified migrant body comes in, Bruce tries to piece together who this person is, looking at... The dimensions and the shape of the skull. Markers. Robustness of the bones. Like looking at the length of the bones or the density of the bones. By the non-fusion of these separate bones. Looking at...
whether some bones in the body are fused together, which is something that happens right after puberty. Bruce can actually figure out approximately what age the person is, their sex, their weight, their height. And in the case of the woman that Jason found, her body was surprisingly in relatively good condition. So pretty quickly, they were able to determine, you know, she's probably in her 30s. She's 5'4". They were actually able to get fingerprints from her as well.
Meanwhile, on the other side, on Robin's side... Wow, so each of these tabs is a person? Is that right? She's dealing with hundreds of missing persons reports. All day, every day. She spends her days taking calls, going through voicemail. Which is full of relative searching.
I'm looking for my uncle. He disappeared in 2010. Or I'm looking for my daughter. She crossed two weeks ago. We haven't heard from her. And she's also getting tips from different people, different aid organizations. And it's actually one of those calls that leads to a break in the case of the body that Jason found. Okay. So this is an email from me from 2012. Okay.
Hi, Jason. Just a quick update regarding the woman that your group found. The case number is 12-15-67, and as of yet, she has not been identified. But Robin tells Jason that she got a call from an aid organization that had spoken to a guy who had crossed the desert with a big group of people around the same time and around the same area where Jason found the body.
He said that he had recently left behind two fellow travelers who were in serious medical distress. He said one of them was an elderly man. 70 years old. And the other was a woman maybe from Guatemala or Ecuador, late 30s, early 40s. It isn't certain that this group is related to ML 12-1567, but it's highly likely. I will contact Guatemalan and Ecuadorian consulates regarding new missing persons cases.
And eventually, using all the information that got gathered, Robin was able to determine that the body that Jason found, it's the body of a 31-year-old Ecuadorian woman named... Maricela Aguipuya. Maricela Zaguipuyas. Robin gets in touch with Jason to tell him. Jason then asks her... I would just, would appreciate if you could, you know, help me at all connect with this family. That request would, oddly enough...
lead Jason to New York City? That story in just a moment. Hi, Rebecca Murray here from Mount Vernon, Washington. I'm a member of Radiolab's exclusive membership program, the
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Hi.
Hi there. I'm Rhiannon Giddens, and I want to take you somewhere special. I got this shiver through my entire body. My hair stood on end. That's right. We're back with a new season of Aria Code, the podcast that celebrates the magic of opera, from arias that have mesmerized us for centuries to the masterpieces of today. This is the power of art, art either depicting life or inspiring life. No tux or ticket required.
Listen to Aria Code wherever you get podcasts. Chad. Robert. Radiolab. We are back with the third installment of our Border Trilogy, What Remains.
And when we left, Jason, along with Robin from the Calibri Center, had managed to ID the body of the woman he found in the desert. And so now he was trying to get in touch with her family. I don't know. When people disappear or when they die in the desert, I think that the families make up, you know, lots of stories run through people's heads. And so I was hoping that if I could find this person's family, I could at least say, this is what it was like when we found her. This is what we think had happened. So Robin was eventually able to get Jason the contact information for Maricela's
brother-in-law who will call Fernando. And I make the awkward phone call that says, hey, I'm the person that found Maricela in the desert and I would like to come and see you if that's possible. Turns out Fernando actually lives in New York City, but he had spoken to Maricela just before she left. And when we heard his story, we decided, okay, we better send a reporter, Tracy Hunt, to talk with him. Hello, Maricela.
Yeah, so I went to visit Fernando at his apartment in Queens. Kimberly, please! He lives there with his three dogs. Friendly guy, a little shorter than me, neatly dressed. He's got, you know, dark hair, longer on the top, shorter on the sides. And when I got there, he pulled out a bunch of photos of Maricela. I have one here.
So this is their marriage, their wedding photo. She was his brother's wife. They look so young. Were they 19 when they got married? So in this picture that Fernando is showing me, it's his brother and Maricela. They're in a church and they're posing at the altar. She's in a white satin gown. Her
Her hair is long and dark and shiny, and she's got kind of like an oval-shaped face. And, you know, she looks beautiful. But even though it's her wedding day, the thing that struck me is that she's not smiling.
Not even a little bit. Was she serious like that? Yeah, actually, that's part of the reason why my mother said she didn't like her as much in the beginning. She said, you know, she always has an angry face on. She looks like somebody who doesn't have a lot of friends.
And on top of that, Fernando says she also had a habit of getting his brother in trouble. You know, she would tell my brother to sneak out of the house to go see her, to go out dancing, to parties without permission, you know, those kinds of things.
But... Fernando says she eventually won the family over. She helped out at home. She treated my mom really well. Especially his mother. Actually, I think my mother loved her more than she loved us. So Maricela and Fernando's brother, they got married. They ended up having three kids, two boys and a girl.
Maricela had a job in a factory that made counterfeit jeans, I think Levi's.
and Fernando's brother, he would go around to different villages selling sodas. And they just couldn't really manage to make ends meet. They were living real rough at the time. I mean, when I went to the house and saw where they had lived... So Jason, after he connected with Fernando, he actually ended up going down to Ecuador to meet Maricela's family. Before she had left, I mean, they were living in a one-room plywood shack with a dirt floor,
and animals running through the house. And, you know, she had told her relatives, she's like, look, my kids are literally starving here. At the time, I wasn't able to help out as much financially because I was also helping build a house for my parents where they were also going to go live.
And so I wasn't able to support them as much or help out with things like school. And so, you know, what she really wanted to do, you know, in order to, like, send her kids to school and all that, she really wanted them to have what she never had. Because she never had anything. And so that was really...
the pressure that she was under. So Fernando says in 2012 he called home. One time when I called home, my mom said that she wanted to talk to me. So I said, OK. Marisela got on the phone. And she told me that she wanted to come here. She told him that she and his brother, they wanted to follow in his footsteps.
That if they could come to New York like he had, they could make money, send it back home, and help out their kids. That that was the only way. And immediately, Fernando was like, Absolutely not. No. No.
So Fernando told her no because he didn't want her to go through the same thing he went through 10 years before. 2001, he was 17 years old, about to turn 18. And he was like,
And his aunt was about to go to New York, and she convinced him and his parents that if he went to New York, he'd be able to get a job, make more money, and support his family from there. To have a better life, to have the things we needed.
So my father thought about it and gave his permission, but he told me not to stay here too long. And so he used his grandfather's land as collateral and took out a loan for $12,000. $12,000? Yeah. Do you know what the interest rate was on the loan? 10%. 10%. Yeah. Yeah.
So one thing that a lot of people have talked about is the fact that prevention through deterrence, it professionalized the human smuggling business. Because not only do these migrants need, you know, guidance from all these South and Central American countries, they also need guidance through the desert. So now you have the smuggling business that's more expensive and also more dangerous.
Yes, so the coyote told us that 15 days maximum to get here. Fernando says he and his aunt took a bus from Ecuador to Peru, and then from Peru they flew to Panama, got in another bus,
And then somewhere in Costa Rica... I remember the path, and really mountainous. There was a river, all that. This bus pulls over, and the coyote who was with them at that point just said... Okay, you have to get off here. When we got out, they took our luggage, and they threw them on the ground towards the river.
And they said, you have to cross the river and someone will find you there and signal to that person. And we were left there like that, with my aunt saying, hold on, that wasn't the deal. The deal was to take us all the way to Mexico in cars. But from that point, when we started crossing mountains on foot, that's when horrible things started to happen.
From that point on, they were packed into the trunks of taxis, hidden in basements, chicken coops and huts. Totally filled with rats. And three months into this journey, a journey that was supposed to take just 15 days, somewhere in Mexico, Fernando says that he and his aunt are taken to this rundown hacienda, this just sprawling ranch house.
Inside the ranch house... There were more than 250 people there. From all over the world, Chinese, Central Americans, from every country, from all over South America. There's all these rooms filled with people, and Fernando actually says that there were all these armed guards all over the place.
Nobody was allowed to leave. And so we were pending there for about a month. And while he was there, this part I didn't tell Jason what happened to me there. I was abused sexually. Fernando says that he was sitting outside the hacienda one day with his aunt.
when a group of men approached him and told him that he had to go inside with them. And he said no, that he was fine sitting there, you know, outside. My aunt begged them not to hurt me, to please not abuse me or do anything to me. And they said, no, don't worry, that they only wanted to ask some questions inside, but that wasn't what they wanted.
They told Fernando, look, you can come with us now or you can come with us later after we beat up your aunt. So finally, Fernando relented and went with them. And when they got inside the hacienda, they went into a room. And once we were inside, they raped me three times.
Like six. After that, I went to... I just wanted to die. After a couple of weeks, Fernando and his aunt finally got out of this hacienda and they start their trek into the desert.
Fernando thinks that he went through the same desert that Maricela would try to cross 10 years later. He's actually caught by the Border Patrol and held for about a month before he manages to bail himself out of detention and make his way to New York. And Fernando says he shared all of this with Maricela, except his own rape.
But he did tell her that migrants do get raped, that he's seen it happen, that he knows it happens. Even when I told her all of that, she said none of that would happen to her. She knew how to defend herself and, you know, if she had to, she would hit people. And then he told her, you might have to go without food or sleep outside. But...
But she said that it didn't matter, that all that mattered was getting here because the kids are the ones that matter most. That any sacrifice made is worth it for your kids. And then he doesn't talk to her anymore. That's actually the last phone call they ever have because he thinks that if he cuts her off, maybe she'll just give up. But she goes to one of her brothers and
And her brother says that he would only pay for her to go, but he's not going to pay for her husband to go. When you found out that she was going to come by herself, did you try to tell your brother, look, you shouldn't let her come here by herself? Come at all, I should say? Yeah, yeah, I called. But my brother said that there wasn't another option and that he wanted to go first, but her brother had put the condition that she go first. And because they didn't have another option, she said she would go.
In May of 2012, Maricela left Ecuador. About three weeks later, right before she walked into the desert, Maricela sent her family a message on Facebook. She told them, I don't know how I'm going to get there, but I am going for my family. God willing, I will get there. When did you finally hear what actually happened to her? Someone called me and told me they were from the consulate. And I said, OK, finally she's been found.
And then they told me. Maricela was dead, and they didn't know what day exactly she died, but that she'd been dead for about a month. It was just really...
difficult, wondering if I'm going to do more damage than good by going to meet these folks. Eight months after Maricela's death, Jason came to New York to meet Fernando, and he brought with him the pictures of Maricela's body that he took when he found her in the desert. You know, he was like, just right now, show me the photos. And I was just dancing around that for over an hour. Jason said the photos were too strong, too...
Jason warned that the photos were really upsetting. There were so many like that. But I said that it's okay to show them to me. I give him this book of photos that I've printed out. And it's got pictures of this shrine that we built for her in the desert. It's got pictures of my students who were there. And then eventually...
It's just pictures of like the back of her head, so it's her hair, it's some of the clothing, it's her hand. I saw all the photos and the truth is that it tore me to pieces to see or imagine everything she had to endure in the desert. She tried to keep going, dragging herself. Jason brought me photos of how she was found and
body outstretched, trying to keep going. Before Maricela's body was sent back to Ecuador, Fernanda decided they should have it sent to New York first. When I talked to my family, I said, you know, her dream was really to arrive here. And so I thought, at least we can fulfill that dream with her body. To be able to have
to have a wake for her here. They held the wake at a funeral home in Queens. Almost 100 family members and friends came to celebrate Maricela's life. They were told to keep the coffin shut. The next day, her body went back to Ecuador. Fernando had to stay in New York because he knows if he were to go back to Ecuador, it would just be way too hard to try to come back to the United States. He says that, you know, right now he's just trying to fulfill a promise.
The promise that I made to Maricela's body when it arrived here that I was going to look after her children. I was going to try to give them what she had wanted for them. When you think about that conversation, do you think that there's anything you could have said that would have made her stay? I told her what could happen along the way. I thought that would be a way of deterring her. No. No, no.
And it's worth pointing out, you know, I mean, more generally, prevention through deterrence as a strategy, it hasn't deterred people from coming to the U.S. either. The annual budget for the Border Patrol is roughly $3.5 billion bigger than it was in 1990. We have about five times as many Border Patrol agents now.
And yet the number of people, immigrants living here undocumented has more than tripled during that time from three and a half million to about 11 million. And more people are coming every year, every day, and more people are dying along the way.
Yeah, let's just do it here. About a year after Maricela died, Jason got a call from her family again. Do you want Maverick or Iceman? You have to name the drones. You guys are Top Gun fans. Another family member had disappeared in pretty much the same place Maricela did. So which is this? I think that's Maverick. I'm going back to the Arizona desert basically because Maricela has a...
I had a cousin, a 15-year-old cousin named Jose Takuri, who disappeared almost one year to the day that she died. I was able to kind of triangulate based on interviews with people who he was with and with information from various folks where we think he went missing. I mean, I told his mom that I would not stop looking, and it took me a couple of years to figure out a way to do that. But right now, it's we'll go back and we'll use these drones and see what we can come up with.
And you know better than anyone what happens to bodies in the desert now, I think. I mean, why are you still looking for him? Or why, you know, yeah, as callous as that question sounds, I guess. For me, part of it is I just don't know what else to do. You feel so hopeless. I told his mom, like, I won't stop looking for him. I'll do whatever I can, whatever little thing that I can do. And if I can't find him, well, maybe I'll find somebody else. He's getting mad at me now, so we will...
It's getting mad at me because it's running out of batteries. We'll do one more run. The immigration issue poses real problems and challenges and as always provides great opportunities for the American people. It is a commonplace... We will build a great wall along the southern... ...where 40% of the babies born on Medicaid...
I'm not going to testify based on my Fifth Amendment constitutional rights. On the advice of counsel, I invoke my Fifth Amendment. You like America? Yeah. Then what's your problem? Proposition 187 is right.
When Agent Dale music gave vets about 40 students to the bike, and I was a mess here, you're right.
They can't just arbitrarily stop you just because of the content. Rush across the Rio Grande into El Paso. To remain silent. People being apprehended. I want to use my federal amendment. I understand that too. I can't. Seven. Six.
We're going to take a short break now, but when we get back, we're going to discuss the many things that have happened since we first produced this series. What's changed, what hasn't changed. So stay tuned for that. Radio Lab is supported by Capital One. With no fees or minimums, banking with Capital One is the easiest decision in the history of decisions. Even easier than deciding to listen to another episode of your favorite podcast. And with no overdraft fees, is it even a decision? That's banking reimagined. What
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Nancy, can you hear me? I can. Oh, great. Okay. Okay. Your mom, Nancy, happened to be sitting in on the interview and who I chatted with while we sorted out some tech issues. Your daughter can't hear me, but I can tell you. Your daughter is awesome. Oh, thank you. She's doing such vital reporting. It's so important. And so anyway, so I'm not going to tell any of that stuff to you because it'll just go to your head. Please don't. Yeah, I'll turn red and crawl under the table.
Caitlin is a staff writer at The Atlantic. And I tend to write about immigration. If you've done any amount of reading about the border, you probably know about Caitlin's work. She won a Pulitzer for her investigation into the Trump policy of family separation at the border. We had actually called her up when we made the original border trilogy. And so to update it, we decided to call her back. Welcome back. Thank you so much for doing this. And basically what I want is a sort of a snapshot of what is going on now. So Caitlin,
How many people are showing up to the southern border? And how does that compare to years past? A lot are showing up. So if you recall, at the beginning of the Biden administration, border crossings really shot up. They were going up and up and up. And then in June of this year, border crossings went down. And so the thinking at the time and the argument the Biden administration was making at the time was we fixed it.
The bans that we've put into place have worked. Our deterrent strategies are effective. Border crossings are going down. They started holding press conferences. You started seeing news articles published saying and quoting Biden administration officials saying that they were doing a great job of mitigating border crossings and, you know, things were headed in the right direction. And I'm sitting there thinking, wow.
What are all these people going to say when the numbers go back up again? Because this is just what happens on the border. Numbers flare, numbers go down, numbers flare, numbers go down. And sometimes it's because of weather. Sometimes it's because of a political situation unfolding abroad. Sometimes it's because a smuggling network was able to sell a particularly good, you know, package deal to a bunch of people at any given time. And sure enough, that's exactly what happened. Yeah.
And in August of this year, 232,972 people crossed the border. That was an increase of almost 100,000 from just a couple of months earlier. Wow. And having followed this for years, if those ebbs and flows ever coincide with changes in enforcement policy—
A lot of times people who work in the Border Patrol or for DHS, its parent agency, will say, well, look, our policy is working. Or they'll say, well, you know, we ended this policy and look, see what happened. Numbers went up. You know, if you zoom in and you're only looking on a week-to-week or month-to-month basis, you can make these totally inaccurate arguments. Right.
And draw causal links that are not scientifically sound. Right. And just sort of allowing for seasonal ebbs and flows in general, for example, over the last five years, is the baseline moving up or is it sort of just the same year after year?
It's really hard to talk about a baseline because it is hard to do a kind of objective count. I think you can say, in general, the American immigration system is kind of like the stock market. So if you look at a line graph of the growth of the stock market over the years, when you zoom in and you look at just five years at a time, you see a lot of turbulence and a lot of up and down. But when you zoom out, you see a very clear upward trajectory. Right.
Got it. Got it. Right now, Venezuela is sending huge, huge numbers of people to the United States on top of the large flows of people coming in from Central America. Even numbers of people crossing into the United States from Mexico has increased. And that's not to speak of people coming from Afghanistan, from Ukraine. Each time there's a new international crisis, it brings some people to the United States, sometimes a lot of people to the United States.
Okay, so you've kind of given me this portrait of the numbers spiking and cresting, but generally going up. And maybe also, can you just talk about, like, where are we with deterrence as a strategy?
So what's going on now is that the Biden administration continues to reach for the same deterrent tools that have been in use for decades, despite being very expensive and carrying with them huge casualties. Hmm.
So I wanted to kind of cycle through four specific deterrents to see sort of what is the status of them and if they're at all working or quote unquote working. But, OK, the four things I wanted to talk to you about were the desert and the migrants going through the desert. One is the wall. One is Operation Lone Star in Texas.
And one is family separation. Yeah, I think those are good categories. Okay, great. So let's just start with the desert, which is the majority of what this series that we're updating is about. What is happening in the desert? Are migrants still dying? And do you know about the numbers there?
Migrants continue to be pushed into the desert in order to try to get access to the United States, particularly as other enforcement strategies like walls, like more boots on the ground from Border Patrol agents have pushed people to try to find new routes into the country. And at the same time, as you well know, the world is getting hotter. The last two summers have been the highest ever.
on record in the world. And so deaths are unsurprisingly increasing because of that.
So last year, 568 people were found dead in the desert between Mexico and the United States. So just to show our sources real quick, that's the number that Border Patrol reported for fiscal year 2021. Since then, the New York Times and others have reported that Border Patrol's number for fiscal year 2022 is even higher, 853 deaths. That's the largest number that we have recorded. And it's also probably an undercount, a really serious undercount.
I know that the Biden administration made a little bit of news where they were putting up all these rescue beacons in the middle of the desert to try to curb some of these migrant deaths, like a button that you'd push if you were stranded in the middle of nowhere. Has that done anything? Do you know? So initiatives like that.
are a little bit odd in that if you're in the right place at the right time, you might be saved by the same institution that's
pushing you into the desert in the first place. And so, yes, every year, the tactical units of the Border Patrol, the search and rescue, will point to rescues that have taken place. Sometimes they'll release annual statistics or they'll send out a press release of a particularly harrowing scenario that they're very proud of, often including women and children who they've saved.
And from their individual perspective, that's true. It's only when you zoom out and point out that maybe these people didn't ever need to be in the desert in the first place that the whole system doesn't really make sense.
Right. And so the Biden administration is really kind of trying to have it both ways by pointing to efforts it's making to try to save more people while also doubling down on deterrent strategies that put them in harm's way in the first place. Well, that's a great segue to the second deterrent we were going to talk about, which is the wall and the fact that the Biden administration is...
resuming construction on a part of the wall. Can you explain what is happening? Yes. So the Trump administration had a huge border wall project that was disputed all four years. But what it came down to was 450 miles of wall that was built, you know, $11 billion of taxpayer money. And then kind of
tools put down as soon as President Biden was set to take office because of a moratorium that he called on border wall construction. Biden was saying, you know, not a single additional foot of wall will be built. He said he didn't believe that the wall was effective, but he's had run-ins with a Congress that does.
And so a couple of times now, Republicans have forced Democrats to agree to put money toward a border wall.
In fights they were having over the budget and keeping the government running. And the Biden administration says that it's tried to reprogram these funds, tried to avoid spending them on a border wall, but hasn't been able to. And so some additional wall is being built now. To jump in quick, what Caitlin says is true. The Biden administration's decision feels like more than just inertia.
Current Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas wrote of, quote, "an acute and immediate need to construct physical barriers in the vicinity of the border in order to prevent unlawful entries."
Also, the Biden administration actively waived 26 federal laws, including the Clean Air Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Endangered Species Act, in order to allow and expedite the construction. It does feel like on some level, the administration made a choice to build 20 more miles of border wall.
We're talking about 30-foot-high steel structures that were supposed to be a new and improved technology, except, again, they haven't worked. I mean, as soon as this new type of wall was debuted, smuggling organizations started cutting through it. And not only were they cutting through it, they were using regular power tools to cut through it. Wow. They were building ladders with steel.
scrap wood and rope and foisting people over the wall, foisting drugs over the wall. Although it remains true that most illegal drugs that make their way into the United States come through legal ports of entry. And so, you know, what it amounts to is $140 million of additional funds being put toward a border wall that we know isn't going to do much at all.
And I think few people will say in and of itself, you know, a wall is going to fix the immigration system. But what you hear again and again from the Border Patrol is just the sense of overwhelm. We'll take anything. We'll take what we can get. Feels like we're doing something. It feels it feels like doing something. All right. Let's move on to the next deterrent. What is Operation Lone Star in Texas?
So Operation Lone Star is Governor Greg Abbott in Texas effort to take border enforcement into his own hands and try to use state law, state resources and state law enforcement. Texas state troopers and Texas National Guard forces.
to try to combat migration. And it also involves efforts to arrest people on trespassing charges for violating Texas law. And it seems of a piece with this sort of deterrence mindset. Is that right? Absolutely. Everything that I just described is considered to be a deterrent
measure. Jumping in again, after we talked to Caitlin, we also talked to another reporter, Todd Miller, who has written multiple books about the border, as well as a weekly post for the Border Chronicle. He told us that Texas has spent over $4.5 billion, billion with a B, dollars on this operation. And from his visits to the border, he told us what it looks like. Razor wire everywhere, floating barriers with
chainsaw blades in the Rio Grande, National Guard jeeps and troops all side by side. He said it was eerily reminiscent of the operation we covered in our second episode, Operation Hold the Line. What we've heard and read from Caitlin and Todd and many others is that this giant project has had basically negligible effect on migration. All right, let's move on to the next deterrent, which I know you have written about most, which is family separation.
The series we made was actually before that became a big story in 2018. Can you just briefly tell us what happened? So the idea was to take kids away from their parents if they attempt to cross the border together as punishment.
as a way to make border crossing into the United States so painful that people would stop doing it. And so that, of course, happened thousands of times during the Trump administration. What is the status now of family separation? Have all of those families that were separated in 2017, 2018, have they all been reunited or no?
No. No. No, I mean, there are still hundreds of families, according to the federal books... Hundreds. ...that have not been reunited. Wow. So there are no more kids in the custody of Health and Human Services, which is where separated children went initially. All have been released to sponsors. But...
Some sponsors are family friends or extended relatives who parents may not have approved of their children going to in the first place. And there is an unknown number of sponsors. This hasn't been made explicitly clear by the Biden administration who were part of a foster care system who had no relationship to the child.
By now, children may have been adopted by families they had no connection to. So this is why it gets really tricky to try to trace family separations. And many of those parents, the government just doesn't even know where they are. So family separation was a deterrent strategy that did not work.
And we have really good evidence of this. The largest number of border crossings that occurred under the Trump administration was the year following family separations. So, you know, the harshest deterrent measure we've ever used, which, what does that tell us? Obviously not that people were excited about getting their kids taken away. And so they decided to come to the United States for that reason. Of course not.
What it tells us is that the factors that were pushing people into the United States in the first place and that were drawing them here from within the country, you know, our demand for their presence and for their labor, were just more powerful.
When I talk to individuals who have worked on these efforts to track down parents and try to help reunite families, I've been told that they'll ask, right? So, you know, would you have come to the United States if you knew this was going to happen? And, of course, on the one hand, this is the most painful thing they've ever experienced in their lives. But on the other, many people will tell you, well, I was going to die or my child was going to die. And so...
Yes, I would have come anyway. We just have 25 plus years of data to show us that deterrence is just not working. Right.
All of the push factors that bring people to the United States in the first place remain the same or worse than they were under the Trump administration. All of the draws in the United States are dependence on the labor of immigrants. The way in which our country continues to absorb people as it always has is
All those things are exactly the same. What needs to happen is a process of coming up with new border policies that really once and for all gets rid of this idea of the gospel of deterrence. I don't know who first said that, but I hear it all the time. The gospel of deterrence? The gospel of deterrence. You know, there are too many people in Washington politics right now who are just in too deep on deterrence.
And there's a lot of fear within both parties of trying anything new. One thing that I will say that's different under the Biden administration, I've been hearing this since the president took office, is that there is now open conversations, certainly within the aspects of the White House that focus on border issues,
open conversations about how deterrence doesn't work. And so what's more frustrating, you know, a Trump administration where there was kind of a top to bottom belief in deterrent strategies in the face of evidence that they weren't working? Or is it more frustrating to know that in the White House,
there are people who are openly talking about how what our government is doing is totally ineffective and then they're doing it anyway. I don't know. Right. This is a very, very depressing picture. And I wonder, do you see anything hopeful going on? Anything solution oriented? Something around the corner here? I do think that there's some hope. I don't think that it's around the corner. I think
I think it's further off than that. The hope actually lies in people who are going to be willing to take the political risk to start fresh. So acknowledging that
The United States needs immigrants. The United States wants immigrants. And allotting visas in a way that allowed for people who wanted to come to work here to do so legally, even if they're not wealthy or very highly educated, which is the only way of entering the country that exists now. And so it just takes somebody who's willing to risk their life.
what that might mean for their own career. The primary architect of the deterrence strategy or the initial person, even before Doris Meisner, was Sylvester Reyes, who is this, you know, border patrol sector chief who is like, I'm going to shake things up. I'm going to try a totally different thing. And it feels like...
That's what we need. We need that energy. We need somebody to say, OK, I'm tired of doing this the way that we've always been doing it. That is clearly not working. We need to do a new thing. And the thing that he did was operation hold the line. But like we need the new version of that.
Exactly. You know, it's interesting to trace the history in Congress of how national origins quotas were eliminated from the American immigration law. You know, race-based quotas that we had in place from the 1920s until the 1950s.
And that was a very long fight. And there were certain people in Congress who were just willing to stick with it and stick their necks out to say, you know, that this immigration system just doesn't comport with American values.
So, you know, it may come from Congress. It may come from the White House. It probably won't come from within the ranks of DHS. But I completely agree with you that it just takes somebody who's willing to be bold enough to propose something different and who can do it in a way that doesn't alienate everybody else because that's the key. Yeah. But you're not seeing that yet? No, no.
But that said, politics is funny. With immigration reform specifically,
I, as a reporter who's been looking at this story off and on since, you know, 2012, have been left at the altar many times. There have been many times when it seemed like immigration reform was very close to becoming a reality and then it didn't. But sometimes politics surprises you and there isn't this really long on ramp. It's just simply the right person in the right place at the right time.
who has enough leverage to push something over. Because again, it's not like we're talking about things that we don't know to be true. Once you learn all of this, you can't unlearn it. You can't unsee it. And so once you realize how much it doesn't make sense, moving on wouldn't quite feel right either. ♪
This episode was reported by Tracy Hunt and me, Latif Nasser. It was produced by Matt Kilty and Tracy Hunt. Jason DeLeon's book, which inspired this series, is called The Land of Open Graves. Special thanks to our interpreter, Alison Corbett, and for giving voice to Fernando in English, Carlo Alban.
and Carlos' manager, Ted Brunson. Thanks also to Hayden Stewart, Raul Ras Pastrana, Paulina Alonso Chavez, and Ambassador Jacob Prado from the government of Mexico, and to the staff at the Pima County Medical Examiner's Office, as well as the Colibri Center for Human Rights. My name is Latif Nasser. Thank you for listening.
Radiolab was created by Jad Avumrad and is edited by Soren Wheeler. Lulu Miller and Latif Nasser are our co-hosts.
Dylan Keefe is our director of sound design. Our staff includes Simon Adler, Jeremy Bloom, Becca Bressler, Rachel Cusick, Akedi Foster-Keys, W. Harry Fortuna, David Gable, Maria Paz Gutierrez, Sindhu Jnanasambadam, Matt Kielty, Annie McEwen, Alex Neeson, Sara Khare, Alyssa Jong Perry, Sarah Sambach, Arianne Wack, Pat Walters, and Molly Webster, with help from Timmy Broderick. Our
Our fact checkers are Diane Kelly, Emily Krieger, and Natalie Middleton. Hi, this is Tamara from Pasadena, California. Leadership support for Radiolab science programming is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation initiative, and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radiolab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Thank you.
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