我们都经历过那种时刻:在淋浴时,或散步途中,一个伟大的想法或绝妙的解决方案突然闪现。这些顿悟似乎凭空出现,难以解释。但研究人员越来越发现,培养创造力其实有其科学依据。
奥托·利连塔尔与莱特兄弟:突破性创新的案例
19世纪的设计工程师奥托·利连塔尔痴迷于飞行器。他仔细研究鸟类的翅膀形状,发明了一种滑翔装置,实现了短距离滑翔。然而,一次意外的强风导致他坠亡。几年后,俄亥俄州的两名自行车技师——莱特兄弟——发现了利连塔尔滑翔机的问题所在:其操控系统依赖于飞行员移动身体来改变重心,平衡性和控制力有限。莱特兄弟凭借在自行车方面的经验,巧妙地利用金属丝改变固定机翼的形状,创造了类似“车把”的操控系统,极大地提升了飞行器的控制能力,最终实现了人类历史上首次成功的持续飞行。
这个故事说明,即使是知识渊博的专业人士,有时也会受困于既有知识框架,而局外人,凭借不同的视角和知识储备,反而能找到问题的解决方案。
创造力:知识与经验的重新组合
Sheena Iyengar教授的研究揭示了创造力的本质:它并非灵光一现,而是对已有知识和经验的重新组合和运用。
自由女神像的设计: 自由女神像的设计并非单一灵感迸发,而是巴托尔迪从古埃及雕塑、法国硬币上的自由女神形象以及他母亲的面容等多种元素中汲取灵感,并将其重新组合和诠释的结果。 后来的诗歌和历史赋予了它更深层的意义,使其成为移民和难民希望的象征。这展现了创造性过程的累积性和迭代性。
Hedy Lamarr的发明: 女演员Hedy Lamarr和作曲家George Antheil在弹奏钢琴的过程中,受到音乐中“不同音符和谐共奏”的启发,发明了“跳频技术”,这项技术至今仍应用于蓝牙和GPS等技术中。 他们的发明并非源于对无线电技术的专业知识,而是跨学科思维的巧妙运用。
篮球的发明: 詹姆斯·奈史密斯为了解决学生冬季缺乏室内运动的问题,借鉴了足球、橄榄球、长曲棍球等多种运动的元素,并结合他儿时玩过的“打石子”游戏,最终发明了篮球。 这体现了创造性思维中“借鉴、组合和改进”的策略。
好奇心、坚持与弱联系:创造力的关键要素
好奇心是创造力的关键驱动力。它驱使我们探索未知领域,发现独特的知识点,为创造性思维提供丰富的素材。 达芬奇的多才多艺正是好奇心驱使的结果,他广泛涉猎解剖学、工程学、艺术等多个领域,并将其知识融会贯通。
坚持也是创造力的重要因素。“牙签测试”表明,即使灵感枯竭,坚持下去也能产生更高质量的创意。 最初的想法往往比较常见,而持续的努力才能挖掘出更独特、更有价值的创意。
弱联系能促进创造性。Lee Fleming等人的研究表明,来自不同背景、拥有弱联系的人更容易产生跨学科的创新。因为他们拥有不同的视角和信息,能带来更独特的组合和解决方案。
选择正确的问题:创新的前提
选择合适的解决问题至关重要。许多失败的创新源于解决了错误的问题。NASA团队在疫情期间成功研制简易呼吸机的案例,体现了清晰定义问题的重要性。 正如爱因斯坦所说,解决问题的时间应该更多地花在思考问题本身,而非直接寻找解决方案。
限制与创造力:并非对立
适当的限制而非无限的选择更有利于激发创造力。过多的选择会让人难以决策,而限制则能促使人们更有效地利用资源,产生更具创意的解决方案。“果酱实验”表明,选择越少,人们越容易做出购买决定。 这同样适用于创造性思维,适当的约束能帮助我们聚焦,避免陷入信息过载的困境。
结论:
创造力并非神秘的灵感突现,而是一个可以学习和培养的过程。它需要我们具备观察力、记忆力、组合能力和重新诠释能力,并培养好奇心和坚持不懈的精神。 同时,积极寻求弱联系,选择正确的问题,并善用限制性思维,都能有效提升我们的创造力,最终实现突破性创新。
Otto Lilienthal's glider required the pilot to move their body to change the center of gravity, which provided limited balance and control. This made it difficult to maneuver, similar to trying to steer a bicycle only by leaning.
The Wright brothers realized they could warp the shape of a fixed wing through a set of wires, effectively giving the pilot a handlebar for better control. This system provided significantly more balance and control than Lilienthal's design.
During World War II, British children were evacuated to protect them from potential bombings as the country prepared for a possible German invasion. The plan aimed to evacuate around 210,000 children to safer locations like Canada.
Hedy Lamarr and George Anteil, while playing piano duets, realized that by playing different keys but staying in sync, they could transmit messages across different frequencies without being intercepted. This inspired their idea of frequency hopping to prevent radio signals from being jammed.
The Statue of Liberty was originally intended to commemorate the abolition of slavery and the centennial of the Declaration of Independence. It was only later, with the addition of Emma Lazarus's poem, that it became a symbol of hope for immigrants.
James Naismith combined elements from soccer, lacrosse, and rugby to create a game that could be played indoors during winter. He used a peach basket as a goal and a soccer ball, inventing the basic rules of basketball to make it competitive yet safe.
Curiosity is the personality trait most strongly linked to creativity. Curious individuals explore various corners of information, discovering unique bits that can lead to innovative ideas.
Weak ties, or connections with people who have different perspectives, bring fresh ideas and experiences to the table. These diverse viewpoints help break echo chambers and lead to more innovative solutions.
NASA's team, led by Stacey Boland, used their expertise in breathing technology from space missions to design a compact ventilator. They collaborated with medical professionals to ensure it met necessary standards and created a functional prototype in 37 days.
Constraints force individuals to focus on a limited set of options, making it easier to manipulate and combine ideas. Without constraints, too many options can overwhelm the mind, making it harder to generate creative solutions.
It's happened to all of us: We're in the shower, or on a walk, and boom — a big idea or a brilliant solution appears out of nowhere. These sorts of insights often seem to arise without explanation. But researchers increasingly find there is a science to cultivating creativity. This week, social psychologist Sheena Iyengar shares research and case studies of innovation, and discusses what these examples tell us about the alchemy of creative breakthroughs.
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