我最近一直在思考人类情绪的复杂性,特别是狂怒。它如同一个隐藏在内心深处的开关,在特定时刻被触发,让我们瞬间变成另一个人。这种“失去理智”的体验,既令人恐惧,又引人深思。
童年往事常常成为情绪爆发的导火索。Saru Najarian十岁时,因表妹纠缠着要分享他珍藏的棒球和篮球卡而勃然大怒,最终失控地打了表妹。事后,他懊悔不已,这突显了情绪在特定情境下失控的可能性。类似地,Paula Reid童年时目睹邻居毁坏树木,瞬间情绪爆发,拿起砍刀追赶推土机,展现了情绪在强烈刺激下的爆发力。
然而,狂怒并非总是源于童年创伤或突发事件。Jess Cavender性格温和,很少发怒,但在遭遇持枪抢劫时,却因歹徒试图抢走她赖以谋生的相机而爆发了强烈愤怒,奋起反抗。这说明,愤怒可能在保护自身重要资源时被激发,它并非毫无逻辑,而是与生存本能紧密相连。
神经科学为理解狂怒提供了新的视角。Doug Fields教授,一位神经科学家,在欧洲旅行时多次遭遇扒窃,亲身体验了狂怒的爆发。他被盗后,非但没有束手就擒,反而奋起反抗,与扒窃者发生肢体冲突。这段经历,以及他多年的神经科学研究,让他开始探究人类大脑中愤怒机制的进化意义。他认为,愤怒机制是为了快速应对威胁而进化出的,虽然可能导致不理智行为,但在特定情况下,它能帮助个体快速反应并保护自身安全。这如同一个“快速反应系统”,在面对突发威胁时,绕过理性思考的慢速通路,直接做出反应。 他的女儿Kelly也亲历了父亲在欧洲与扒窃者搏斗的全过程,这让她对人类情绪的复杂性有了更深刻的认识。
哲学家Amiya Srinivasan则从社会角度探讨了愤怒的作用。她认为,愤怒可以帮助个人认清不公,并促使他人改变行为,在社会运动中发挥重要作用。愤怒并非总是负面的,它可以成为一种警示信号,促使社会变革。她指出,我们需要区分个体愤怒的短期负面影响和其在群体运动中的积极作用。集体愤怒,往往能推动社会进步。
然而,狂怒并非总是带来积极的结果。Mohamed Bouazizi的故事就是一个悲剧性的例子。这位突尼斯小贩因不堪忍受警察的欺压,最终自焚身亡,却意外地引发了“阿拉伯之春”。他的愤怒,既是个人悲剧的体现,也是社会变革的导火索。
狂怒的逻辑在于其速度和效力。它能让我们迅速做出反应,保护自身利益,但同时也可能导致不理智行为,甚至造成严重后果。正如亚里士多德所言:“愤怒本身容易,但要恰当地发怒很难,需要把握好时机、对象、程度和目的。”
因此,理解狂怒,需要我们认识到其复杂性。它既有其自毁性,也有其在社会变革中的作用。我们需要谨慎控制自己的愤怒,避免其造成不必要的伤害,同时也要认识到,在某些情况下,愤怒可能成为一种必要的、甚至积极的力量。 关键在于,如何平衡愤怒的本能与理性的思考,如何在保护自身利益的同时,避免造成更大的伤害。
Saru's cousin pestered him to share his baseball and basketball cards, leading to a boiling point where Saru's anger took over and he slapped her.
Paula's neighbor was using a bulldozer to knock down trees to build a shorter driveway, which led to her seizing a machete and attacking the bulldozer.
Jess tried to appease the robbers by offering them what they wanted, focusing on survival and avoiding immediate danger.
When Jess realized the robber might take her camera, which represented her livelihood, she felt a strong emotional response and demanded the robber leave her house.
Doug had a decoy wallet in his back pocket, so he was unfazed when the pickpocket targeted him, believing the thief had taken the decoy wallet.
Doug's wallet was stolen again, containing all his cash and credit cards, leading to a sudden outburst of rage where he physically confronted the thief.
These systems allow for rapid responses to immediate threats, which are crucial for survival when conscious thought is too slow.
Rage acts as a signaling device that galvanizes people, motivates them, and brings them together in movements towards increased justice.
Rage can prompt individuals to take stands and incur personal costs, helping the group to which they belong by prioritizing group interests over narrow self-interest.
Neuroscientist Doug Fields was on a trip to Europe when a pickpocket stole his wallet. Doug, normally mild-mannered, became enraged — and his fury turned him into a stranger to himself. This week, we revisit a favorite 2020 episode about the secret logic of irrational anger.
This is the final episode in our Emotions 2.0 series. If you missed any of the episodes in the series, you can find them here in this podcast feed, or at hiddenbrain.org. And if there's someone in your life who you think would enjoy this series, please tell them about it. Thanks for listening!