#2190 - Peter Thiel
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What's up, man? Good to see you. Glad to be on the show. My pleasure. Thanks for having me. My pleasure. What's cracking? How you doing? Doing all right. We were just talking about how you're still trapped in L.A. I'm still trapped in L.A. I know. You're friends with a lot of people out here. Have you thought about jettisoning? I talk about it all the time, and it's...

But, you know, it's always talk is often a substitute for action. It's always does it lead to action or does it end up substituting for action? That's a good point. But I have endless conversations about leaving. And I moved from San Francisco to L.A. back in 2018. That felt about as big a move away as possible. And I keep – the extreme thing I keep saying – and you're going to have to keep in mind talk is a substitute for action. The extreme thing –

I keep saying is I can't decide whether to leave the state or the country. Oh, boy. And if you went out of the country, where would you go?

Man, it's tough to find places because there are a lot of problems in the U.S. and most places are doing so much worse. Yeah. It's not a good move to leave here. It's as fucked up as this place is. But I keep thinking I shouldn't move twice. So I should either – I can't decide whether I should move to Florida or I should move to New Zealand or Costa Rica or something like that. Yeah. Yeah. Go.

Go full John McAfee. But can't decide between those two, so I end up stuck in California. Well, Australia is okay, but they're even worse when it comes to rule of law and what they decide to make you do and the way they're cracking down on people now for online speech. It's very sketchy in other countries. But somehow the –

The relative outperformance of the U.S. and the absolute stagnation decline of the U.S., they're actually related things because the way the conversation's grouped, every time I tell someone, you know, I'm thinking about leaving the country, I'm thinking about leaving the country.

They'll do what you say and they'll say, well, every place is worse. And then that somehow distracts us from all the problems in this country. And then we can't talk about what's gone wrong in the U.S. because, you know, everything is so much worse. Well, I think most people know what's gone wrong, but they don't know if they're on the side of the government that's currently in power. They don't know how to criticize it.

They don't know exactly what to say, what should be done. Right. And they're ideologically connected to this group being correct. Right. So they try to do mental gymnastics to try to support some of the things that are going on. I think that's part of the problem. I don't think it's necessarily that we don't know what the problems are. We know what the problems are, but we don't have clear solutions as to how to fix them, nor do we understand the real mechanisms of how they got there in the first place.

Yeah, I mean, there are a lot that are pretty obvious to articulate, and they're much easier to describe than solve. Like, we have a crazy, crazy budget deficit. Yeah. And presumably, you have to do one of three things. You have to raise taxes a lot, you have to cut spending a lot, or you're just going to keep borrowing money. Isn't there, like, some enormous amount of our taxes that just go to the deficit? It's not...

It's not that high, but it's gone up a lot. What is it? I thought it was like 34% or something crazy. It peaked at 3.1% of GDP.

which is maybe 15%, 20% of the budget, peaked at 3.1% of GDP in 1991. And then it went all the way down to something like 1.5% in the mid-2010s. And now it's crept back up to 3.1%, 3.2%. And so we are at all-time highs as a percentage of GDP.

And the way to understand the basic math is the debt went up a crazy amount, but the interest rates went down. And from 2008 to 2021, for 13 years, we basically had zero interest rates with one brief blip under Powell. But it was basically zero rates. And then you could borrow way more money, and it wouldn't show up in servicing the debt because you just paid 0% interest on the T-bills. And the thing that's very dangerous...

seeming to me about the current fiscal situation is

The interest rates have gone back to positive like they were in the 90s and early 2000s, mid-2000s. And it's just this incredibly large debt. And so we now have a real runaway deficit problem. But people have been talking about this for 40 years and crying wolf for 40 years. So it's very hard for people to take it seriously. Most people don't even understand what it means. Like when you say there's a deficit, we owe money. OK, to who?

How does that work? It's – well, it's to – yeah, it's people who bought the bonds and it's –

A lot of it's to Americans. Some of them are held by the Federal Reserve. A decent amount are held by foreigners at this point because in some ways it's the opposite of the trade current account deficits. The U.S. has been running these big current account deficits, and then the foreigners end up with way more dollars than they want to spend on American goods or services. And so they have to reinvest them in the U.S. Some put it into houses or stocks, but a lot of it just goes into government debt.

So in some ways it's a function of the chronic trade imbalances, chronic trade deficits. Well, if you had supreme power, if Peter Thiel was the ruler of the world and you could fix this, what would you do? Man, I always find that hypothetical. It's a ridiculous hypothetical. It is ridiculous. You ask ridiculous hypotheticals, you get ridiculous answers. I want a ridiculous answer. That's what I like. But what could be done? First of all, what could be done to mitigate it and what could be done to solve it?

I think my answers are probably all in the very libertarian direction. So it would be sort of figure out ways to have smaller governments, figure out ways to increase the age on Social Security, means test Social Security so not everyone gets it, just figure out ways to gradually dial back a lot of these government benefits. Yeah.

And then that's insanely unpopular. So it's completely unrealistic on that level. That bothers people that need Social Security. I said means tested. Means tested. So people who don't need it don't get it. Right. So Social Security, even if you're very wealthy, I don't even know how it works. Do you still get it? Yeah. Basically anyone who – pretty much everyone gets it because it was originally rationalized as a –

as a sort of a pension system, not as a welfare system. And so the fiction was you pay Social Security taxes and then you're entitled to get a pension out in the form of Social Security. Right. And because it was – we told this fiction that it was a form of – it was a pension system instead of an intergenerational Ponzi scheme or something like that. Mm-hmm.

The fiction means everybody gets paid Social Security because it's a pension system. Whereas if we were more honest and said it's just a welfare system, maybe you could start dialing – you could probably rationalize it in a lot of ways. And it's not related to how much you put into it, right? How does Social Security work in terms of – I think it's partially related. So I think there is – I'm not a total expert on this stuff. But I think there's some guaranteed minimum you get.

And then if you put more in, you get somewhat more, and then it's capped at a certain amount. And even that certain amount. That's why Social Security taxes are capped at something like $150,000 a year. And this is one of the really big tax increase proposals that's out there is to uncap it, which would effectively be a 12.4% income tax hike.

Oh, wow. On all your income. Just to Social Security? Sure. Because the argument is – the sort of progressive left Democrat argument is that –

Is that it's, you know, why should you have a regressive Social Security tax? Why should you pay 12.4% or whatever the Social Security tax is? Half gets paid by you, half gets paid by your employer. But then it's capped at like 140, 150K, some level like that. And why should it be regressive where if you make 500K or a million K a year, you pay zero tax on your marginal income? Hmm.

And that makes no sense if it's a welfare program. If it's a retirement savings program and your payout's capped, then you don't need to put in more than you get out. Well, that's logical, but...

There's not a lot of logic going on with the way people are talking about taxes today. Like California just jacked their taxes up to 14 what? Was it 14.4? Something like that. Yeah. 14.3, I think. Which is hilarious. Maybe more. Yeah. 14.9. I mean, you want more money for doing a terrible job and having more people leave for the first time ever in the history of the state. Yeah.

Yeah, but look, it gets away with it. I know. Well, people are forced with no choice. What are you going to do? It is – I mean there are people at the margins who leave, but the state government still collects more and more in revenue. So it's – you get – I don't know. You get 10 percent more revenues and 5 percent of the people leave.

You still increase the amount of revenues you're getting. It's inelastic enough that you're actually able to increase the revenues. I mean this is sort of the crazy thing about California is there's always sort of a right-wing or libertarian critique of California that it's such a ridiculous place. It should just collapse under its own ridiculousness and it doesn't quite happen.

You know, the macroeconomics on it are pretty good. You know, 40 million people, the GDP is around 4 trillion. It's about the same as Germany with 80 million or Japan with 125 million. Japan has three times the population of California. Same GDP means one-third the per capita GDP. So there's some level on which, you know, California as a whole is working even though it doesn't work from a governance point of view. It doesn't work for a lot of the people who live there.

And the rough model I have for how to think of California is that it's kind of like Saudi Arabia. And you have a crazy religion, wokeism in California, Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia. You know, not that many people believe it, but it distorts everything. And then you have like oil fields in Saudi Arabia and you have the big tech companies in California. And the oil pays for everything.

And then you have a completely bloated, inefficient government sector. And you have sort of all sorts of distortions in the real estate market where people also make lots of money. And sort of the government and real estate are ways you redistribute the oil wealth or the big tech money in California. And it's not the way –

You might want to design a system from scratch, but it's pretty stable. People have been saying Saudi Arabia is ridiculous. It's going to collapse any year now. They've been saying that for 40 or 50 years. But, you know, if you have a giant oil field, you can pay for a lot of ridiculousness. I think that's the way you have to think of California. Well, the other thing is you're also— There are things about it that are ridiculous, but there's something about it that, you know—

It doesn't naturally self-destruct overnight. Well, there's a lot of kick-ass people there. And there's a lot of people that are still generating enormous amounts of wealth there. And it's too difficult to just pack up and leave. I think it's something like four of the eight or nine companies with market capitalizations over a trillion dollars are based in California. That's amazing. It's Google, Apple, now NVIDIA, Meta. Yeah, I think Broadcom is close to that.

And there's no ideal place to live either. It's not like California sucks. So there's a place that's got it totally dialed in with also that has an enormous GDP, also has an enormous population. There's not like one big city that's really dialed in. Well, there are things that work. So I looked at all the zero tax issues.

states in the US and and it's always you don't I think the way you ask the question gets at it which is you don't live in a you know in theory a lot of stuff happens on a state level but you don't live in a state you live in a city and so if you're somewhat biased towards living in at least a moderately sized city okay I can there are I think there are four states where there are no cities Alaska Wyoming

South Dakota, New Hampshire. There's zero tax, but no cities to speak of. And then you have Washington State with Seattle, where the weather is the worst in the country. You have Nevada with Las Vegas, which I'm not that big a fan of. And then that leaves three zero-tax states. You have Texas,

which I like as a state, but I'm not that big a fan of Austin, Dallas, or Houston. You know, it's a sort of – Houston is just sort of an oil town, which is good if you're in that business, but otherwise not. Dallas has sort of an inferiority complex to L.A. and New York. Yeah.

Not the healthiest attitude. And then, you know, I don't know. Austin's a government town and a college town and a wannabe hipster San Francisco town. So, you know, my books are three strikes and you're kind of out too. And then that leaves Nashville, Tennessee, which was – or Miami, South Florida. And those would be my two top choices. Miami is fun, but I wouldn't want to live there. It's a fun place to visit. It's a little too crazy. Yeah.

A little too chaotic, a little too cocaine-fueled, a little too party, party, party. I think it's pretty segmented from the tourist strip from everything else. It probably is something a little bit paradoxical about any place that gets lots of tourists. Where, you know, it's in some sense of the case – there's some things that are great about it because so many tourists go. But then in some sense, it's –

It creates a weird aesthetic because the day-to-day vibe is that you don't work and you're just having fun or something like that. Right, because so many people are going there just to do that. And that's probably a little bit off with the South Florida thing. But I think it's – and then I think Nashville is also sort of its own real place.

Nashville is great. Yeah. So those would be my those are the top two. I could live in Nashville. No problem. Yeah, I'm probably always I'm always I'm always to, you know, fifth grade onwards since, you know, 70, 77. I lived in California and and and so I'm just a sucker for the weather. And I think there is no place.

Besides coastal California, we have really good weather year-round in the U.S. Maybe Hawaii is pretty good. Coastal California is tough to beat. And you're two hours from the mountains. Man, it's like mid-August here in Austin. It's just brutal. Is it? I think so. Really? That was too hot for you? It was too hot for me. Today's mild. What is it out there, like 80, 85? 96. 96? You're proving my point. I do so much sauna that I literally don't even notice it.

I'm outside for hours every day shooting arrows, and I don't even notice it. Well, that's – I don't know if you're a representative of the average Austin president. I don't know, but I think you get accustomed to it.

To me, it's so much better than too cold. Too cold, you can die. And I know you can die from the heat, but you probably won't, especially if you have water. You'll be okay. But you could die from the cold. Cold's real. So really cold places, there's five months out of the year where your life's in danger, where you could do something wrong. Like if you live in Wyoming and you break down somewhere and there's no one on the road, you could die out there. That's real. You could die from exposure. Yeah.

Sure, there's probably some very deep reason there's been a net migration of people to the west and the south in the U.S. over the last five decades. California, you can do no wrong. As long as the earth doesn't move, you're good. As long as there's no tsunamis, you're good. It is a perfect environment virtually year-round. It gets a little hot in the summer, but again, coastal, not at all. If you get an 80-degree day in Malibu, it's unusual.

You know? It's wonderful. You've got a beautiful breeze coming off the ocean. Sun's out. Everybody's pretty. And then it's correlated with confiscatory taxation. It's all sort of a package deal. Well, it's a scam. You know, they know you don't want to leave. I didn't want to leave California. It's fucking great. I appreciate you left. I always have the fantasy that if enough people like you leave, it'll put pressure on them. But it's never quite enough. Never quite enough. And it's not going to be. It's too difficult for most people. It was very difficult for me. And I had...

a bunch of people working for me that were willing to pack up and leave like young Jamie over there. But we, you know, it was tricky. You're, you're taking your whole business and my business is talking to people. That's part of my business. My other business is standup comedy. So you left during, during COVID or I left at the very beginning. As soon as they started locking things down, I'm like, Oh, these motherfuckers are never letting us go. In May, I started looking at houses. Cool. That's when I came to Austin first. Um,

I got a place in Miami in September of 2020. And I've spent the last four winters there. So I'm sort of always on the cusp of moving to Florida. Hard to get out of California. But the thing that's gotten a lot harder about moving relative to four years ago, and I'd say I think my real estate purchases have generally not been great over the years. I mean, they've done okay, but

certainly not um not the way uh not the way i've um been able to um make money at all but uh with the one exception was miami bought it in september 2020 and probably you know fast forward um four years it's up like a hundred percent wow something like that and um and uh

But then paradoxically, this also means it's gotten much harder to move there or Austin or any of these places. If I relocated my office in L.A., the people who own houses, you have to buy a place in Florida. It costs twice as much as it did four years ago. And then the interest rates have also doubled. And so you get a 30-year mortgage. You could have locked that in for 3% in 2020.

Now it's, you know, maybe six and a half, seven percent. So the prices have doubled. The mortgages have doubled. So it costs you four times as much to buy a house. And so, yeah, so there was a moment where people could move during COVID and it's gotten dramatically harder relative to what it was four years ago. Well, the Austin real estate market went crazy and then it came back down a little bit. It's in that.

down a little bit spot right now where there's a lot of high-end properties that are still for sale. They can't move. It's different. There's not a lot of people moving here now like there was in the boom because everything's open everywhere. Well, I somehow think Austin was...

linked to California and Miami was linked a little bit more to to New York and um it was a little bit you know all these differences but um Austin was kind of you know a big part of the move were people from tech from California that moved um moved to Austin you know there's a part of the Miami South Florida thing which was people from finance in New York uh New York City that moved um

moved to Florida. And the finance industry is less networked on New York City. So I think it is possible for people, if you run a private equity fund or if you work at a bank, it's possible for some of those functions to easily be moved to a different state. The tech industry is crazily networked on California. There's probably some way to do it. It's not that easy.

Yeah, it makes sense. It makes sense, too. It's just the sheer numbers. I mean, when you're talking about all those corporations that are established and based in California, there's so many. They're so big. Just the sheer numbers of human beings that live there and work there that are involved in tech. Sure. If it wasn't as networked.

you could probably just move. And maybe these things are networked until they're not. Detroit was very networked. The car industry was super networked on Detroit for decades and decades. And Michigan got more and more mismanaged. And people thought the network sort of protected them because the big three car companies were in Detroit, but then you had all the supply chains were also in Detroit. And then eventually, it was just so ridiculous. People moved.

started moving the factories outside of that area and it sort of unraveled. So that's, you know, it can also happen with California. It'll just take a lot. That would be insane if they just abandoned all the tech companies in California. I mean, just look at what happened at Flint, Michigan when all the auto factories pulled out. Well, it's, look, I think you can, it's always there are all these paradoxical histories, you know, the internet, the point of the internet is

some sense was to eliminate the tyranny of place and That was sort of the idea and then one of the paradoxes about the internet history of the internet was that the internet companies You know were you know, we're all you know, we're all centered in in California and the other probably they have been different different waves of How networked how non network they were I think I think probably

2021, sort of the COVID moving away from California, the big thing in tech was crypto. And crypto is

um had this conceit of a you know alternate currency decentralized away from the central banks but also the crypto companies the um crypto protocols you could do those from anywhere you could do them outside the u.s you could do them from miami and so crypto was something where um the tech could naturally um move out of california and and today probably the the um

I don't know, the core tech narrative is completely flipped to AI.

And then there's something about AI that's very centralized. I had this one-liner years ago where it was, if we say that crypto is libertarian, can we also say that AI is communist or something like this where the natural structure for an AI company looks like it's a big company and then somehow the AI stuff feels like it's going to be dominated by the big tech companies

in the San Francisco Bay Area. And so if that's the future of tech, the scale, the natural scale of the industry tells you that it's going to be extremely hard to get out of the San Francisco Bay Area. When you look to the future and you try to just make just a guess as to how all this is going to turn out with AI, what do you think we're looking at over the next five years?

Man, I think I should start by being modest in answering that question and saying that nobody has a clue. Right, which is true, which pretty much all the experts say. You know, I would say – let me do sort of a – the riff I always had on this was that I can't stand any of the buzzwords. And I felt AI – you know, there's all this big data thing.

Cloud computing, there were all these crazy buzzwords people had, and they always were ways to sort of abstract things and get away from...

from reality somehow and were not good ways of talking about things. And I thought AI was this incredible abstraction because it can mean the next generation of computers, it can mean the last generation of computers, it can mean anything in between. And if you think about the AI discussion in the 2010s, pre-open AI, chat GPT, and the revolution of the last two years, but the 2010s AI discussion, maybe it was... So I'll start with the history before I get to the future, but...

the history of it was maybe anchored on two visions of what AI meant. And one was Nick Bostrom, Oxford prof, who wrote this book, Super Intelligence, 2014. And it was basically AI was going to be this super duper intelligent thing, way, way godlike intelligence, way smarter than any human being. And

And then there was sort of the, I don't know, the CCP Chinese Communist Rebuttal, the Kai-Fu Lee book from 2018, AI Superpowers. I think the subtitle was something like The Race for AI Between Silicon Valley and China or something like this.

And it was sort of – it defined AI as – it was fairly low-tech. It was just surveillance, facial recognition technology. We would just have this sort of totalitarian technology.

Stalinist monitoring. It didn't require very much innovation. It just required that you apply things. And basically, the subtext was China is going to win because we have no ethical qualms in China about applying this sort of basic machine learning to sort of measuring or controlling the population. And those were sort of like, say, two extreme competing visions of

of what AI would mean in the 2010s and that sort of maybe were sort of the anchors of the AI debate. And then, you know, what happened in some sense with ChatGPT in late 22, early 23 was that

The achievement you got, you did not get superintelligence. It was not just surveillance tech, but you actually got to the holy grail of what people would have defined AI as from 1950 to 2010, for the previous 60 years, before the 2010s. People have always said AI, the definition of AI is passing the Turing test. And the Turing test, it basically means that the computer can...

fool you into thinking that it's a human being. And it's a somewhat fuzzy test because, you know, obviously you have an expert on the computer, a non-expert. You know, does it fool you all the time or some of the time? How good is it? But to first approximation, the Turing test

We weren't even close to passing it in 2021. And then, you know, chat GPT basically passes the Turing test, at least for like, let's say, an IQ 100 average person. It can it can it's passed the Turing test. And that was that was the holy grail.

That was the holy grail of AI research for the previous 60 years. And so there's probably some psychological or sociological history where you can say that this weird debate between Bostrom about superintelligence and Kai-Fu Lee about surveillance tech was like this almost like psychological suppression people had where they were not thinking – they lost track of the Turing test, of the holy grail, of –

because it was about to happen. And it was such a significant, such an important thing that you didn't even want to think about. So I'm tempted to give almost a psychological repression theory of the 2010 debates. But be that as it may, the Turing test gets...

gets passed and that's an extraordinary achievement. And then, you know, maybe, and then, you know, where does it go from here? This episode is brought to you by ZipRecruiter. Pressure can be a good thing, like on the mat or in the ring. It can push you to do your best.

break personal records, and make smarter choices. The same is true for businesses, especially, particularly, when it comes to hiring. If you're under pressure to find the right person with the right skills quickly, you know the smart choice is to use ZipRecruiter.

or you do now at least, four out of five employers who post on ZipRecruiter get a quality candidate within the first day. Plus, right now, you can try it for free at ZipRecruiter.com slash Rogan. ZipRecruiter is the hiring site employers prefer the most.

based on G2. And that's probably because it doesn't waste your time or money. ZipRecruiter uses powerful matching technology to find the top talent you need fast. It's insane how quick it is. So relax, employers, and let ZipRecruiter speed up your hiring. See for yourself. Just go to ZipRecruiter.com slash Rogan right now to try it for free.

That's the same price as a genuine smile from a stranger, a picture-perfect sunset, or a cute dog running up to you and licking your hand. Again, ZipRecruiter.com slash Rogan. ZipRecruiter, the smartest way to hire. This episode is brought to you by SimpliSafe. I talk a lot about taking care of yourself, you know, working out and eating right, but that also means you should be doing what you can to stay safe. And no one does safe quite like SimpliSafe.

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There's this AGI discussion. You know, will we get artificial general intelligence, which is a hopelessly vague concept, which, you know, general intelligence could be just a generally smart human being. So is that just a person with an IQ of 130?

Or is it superintelligence? Is it godlike intelligence? So it's sort of an ambiguous thing. But I keep thinking that maybe the AGI question is less important than passing the Turing test. If we got AGI, if we got, let's say, superintelligence, if we got – that would be interesting to Mr. God because you'd have competition for being God. But surely the Turing test is more important for us humans.

because it's either a compliment or a substitute to humans. And so it's going to rearrange the economic, cultural, political structure of our society in extremely dramatic ways. And I think maybe what's already happened is much more important than anything else that's going to be done. And then it's just going to be a long ways in applying it. One last thought. You know, the...

The analogy I'm always tempted to go to, and these historical analogies are never perfect, but it's that maybe AI in 2023, 2024, it's like the internet in 1999, where on one level, it's clear the internet's going to be big and get a lot bigger, and it's going to dominate the economy. It's going to rearrange the society in the 21st century.

And then at the same time, it was a complete bubble and people had no idea how the business models worked. You know, almost everything blew up. It took, you know, it didn't take that long in the scheme of things. It took, you know, 15, 20 years for it to become super dominant. But it didn't happen sort of in 18 months as people fantasized in 1999. And maybe what we have in AI is something like this. It's

Figuring out how to actually apply it, you know, in sort of all these different ways is going to take something like two decades. But that doesn't distract from it being a really big deal. It is a really big deal. And I think you're right about the Turing test. Do you think that the lack of acknowledgement or the public celebration or at least this like mainstream discussion, like which I think should be everywhere, that we've passed the Turing test –

Do you think it's connected to the fact that this stuff accelerates so rapidly that even though we've essentially breached this new territory, we still know that GPT-5 is going to be better, GPT-6 is going to be insane, and then they're working on these right now. And the change is happening so quickly, we're almost a little reluctant to acknowledge where we're at. Yeah. You know...

I've often, you know, probably for 15 years or so, often been on the side that there isn't that much progress in science or tech or not as much as Silicon Valley likes to claim.

And even on the AI level, I think it's a massive technical achievement. It's still an open question. Is it actually going to lead to much higher living standards for everybody? The Internet was a massive achievement. How much did it raise people's living standards? Much trickier question. But in this world where not much has happened,

One of the paradoxes of an era of relative tech stagnation is that when something does happen, we don't even know how to process it. So, you know, I think Bitcoin was a big invention, whether it was good or bad, but it was a pretty big deal. And it was systematically underestimated for at least, you know, the first decade.

10, 11 years. You could trade it. It went up smoothly for 10, 11 years. It didn't get repriced all at once because we're in a world where nothing big ever happens. And so we have no way of processing it when something pretty big happens. The internet was pretty big in '99. Bitcoin was moderately big. The internet was really big. Bitcoin was moderately big. And I'd say passing the Turing test is really big. It's on the same scale as the internet.

And because our lived experiences that so little has felt like it's been changing for the last few decades, we're probably underestimating it.

It's interesting that you say that so little, we feel like so little has changed because if you're a person, how old are you? Same age as you were. Born in 1967. So in our age, we've seen all the change, right? We saw the end of the Cold War. We saw answering machines. We saw VHS tapes. Then we saw the Internet. And then where we're at right now, which is like this bizarre moment in time where people carry the Internet around with them in their pocket every day.

And these super sophisticated computers that are ubiquitous. Everybody has one. There's incredible technology that's being ramped up every year. They're getting better all the time. And now there's AI. There's AI on your phone. You could access ChatGPT and a bunch of different programs on your phone. And I think that's an insane change. I think that's one of the most, especially with the use of social media, it's one of the most bizarre changes I think our culture has ever, the most bizarre. It can be a big change.

change culturally or politically. But the kinds of questions I'd ask is, how do you measure it economically? How much does it change GDP? How much does it change productivity? And certainly,

The story I would generally tell for the last 50 years, since the 1970s, early 70s, is that we've been not absolute stagnation. We're in an era of relative stagnation where there has been stagnation.

very limited progress in the world of atoms, the world of physical things. And there has been a lot of progress in the world of bits, information, computers, internet, mobile internet, you know, now AI. What are you referring to when you say the world of physical things? You know, it's any... Well, if we had defined technology, if we were sitting here in 1967, the year we were born...

And we had a discussion about technology, what technology would have meant. It would have meant computers. It would have also meant rockets. It would have meant supersonic airplanes. It would have meant new medicines. It would have meant the green revolution in agriculture, maybe underwater cities, you know.

It sort of had – because technology simply gets defined as that which is changing, that which is progressing. And so there was progress on all these fronts.

Today, last 20 years, when you talk about technology, you're normally just talking about information technology. Technology has been reduced to meaning computers. And that tells you that the structure of progress has been weird. There's been this narrow cone of very intense progress around the world of bits, around the world of computers, and then all the other areas have been relatively stagnant. We're not moving any faster. You know, the Concorde got decommissioned in 2003 or whenever.

And then with all the low-tech airport security measures, it takes even longer to fly, to get through all of them from one city to the next. You know, the highways have gone backwards because there are more traffic jams. We haven't figured out ways around those. So we're literally moving slower than we were 40 or 50 years ago. And that's sort of the story.

And then, of course, there's also a sense in which the screens and the devices have this effect of distracting us from this. So when you're riding a 100-year-old subway in New York City and you're looking at your iPhone, you can look at, wow, this is this cool new gadget. But you're also being distracted from the fact that your lived environment hasn't changed in 100 years. And

And so there's a question how important is this world of bits versus the world of atoms. You know, I would say as human beings, we're physically embodied in a material world. And so I would always say this world of atoms is pretty important. And when that's pretty stagnant, you know, there's a lot of stuff that doesn't make sense. I was an undergraduate at Stanford, late 80s.

And at the time, in retrospect, every engineering area would have been a bad thing

thing to go into, you know, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, all these engineering fields where you're tinkering and trying to do new things because these things turned out to be stuck. They were regulated. You couldn't come up with new things to do. Nuclear engineering, aero-astroengineering, people already knew those were really bad ones to go into. They were, you know, outlawed. You weren't going to make any progress in nuclear reactor designs or stuff like that.

Electrical engineering, which was the one that's sort of adjacent to making semiconductors, that one was still okay. And then the only field that was actually going to progress a lot was computer science. And again, you know, it's been very powerful, but that was not the felt sense in the 1980s. In the 1980s, computer science was this ridiculous inferior subject.

You know, I always, the linguistic cut is always when people use the word science, I'm in favor of science, I'm not in favor of science in quotes. And when it's always a tell,

That it's not real science. And so when we call it climate science or political science or social science, you know, you're just sort of making it up and you have an inferiority complex to real science or something like physics or chemistry. And computer science was in the same category as social science or political science. It was a fake field for people who found electrical engineering or math way too hard and difficult.

and sort of dropped out of the real science and real engineering fields. You don't feel that climate science is a real science? It is. There's several different things one could say. It's possible climate change is happening. It's possible...

we don't have great accounts of why that's going on so I'm not questioning any of those things but how scientific it is I don't think

I don't think it's a place where we have really vigorous debates. Maybe the climate is increasing because of carbon dioxide emissions, temperatures are going up. Maybe it's methane. Maybe it's people are eating too much steak. It's the cows flatulating. And you have to measure how much is methane a greenhouse gas versus carbon dioxide. I don't think they're rigorously doing that stuff scientifically. And I think the fact that it's...

that it's called climate science tells you that it's more dogmatic than anything that's truly science should be.

Dogma doesn't mean it's wrong. But why does the fact that it's called climate science mean that it's more dogmatic? Because if you said nuclear science, you wouldn't question it, right? Yeah, but no one calls it nuclear science. They call it nuclear engineering. Interesting. I see what you're saying. The only thing is I'm just making a narrow linguistic point. Is there anything called science that is legitimately science? Well, at this point, people say computer science has worked. Right. But in the 1980s—

All I'm saying is it was in the same category as, let's say, social science, political science. It was a tell that the people doing it kind of deep down knew they weren't doing real science. Well, there's certainly ideology that's connected to climate science. And then there's certainly corporations that are invested in this prospect of green energy and the concept of green energy, and they're profiting off of it. And

pushing these different things, whether it be electric car mandates or whatever it is. Like California, I think it's 2035, they have a mandate that all new vehicles have to be electric, which is hilarious when you're connected to a grid that can't support the electric cars it currently has.

After they said that, within a month or two, Gavin Newsom asked people to not charge their Teslas because it was summer and the grid was fucked. Yeah. Look, it was all linked into all these ideological projects in all these ways. And, you know, there's...

There's an environmental project, which is, you know, and maybe it shouldn't be scientific. You know, the hardcore environmentalist argument is we only have one planet, and we don't have time to do science. If we have to do rigorous science and you can prove that we're overheating, it'll be too late. And so if you're a hardcore environmentalist, you know, you don't want to have as high a standard of science.

Yeah, my intuition is certainly when you go away from that, you end up with things that are too dogmatic, too ideological. Maybe it doesn't even work, even if the planet's getting warmer. You know, maybe climate science is not, like, my question is, is carbon, like, maybe methane is a worse, is it more dangerous greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide? We're not even capable of measuring that.

Well, we're also ignoring certain things like regenerative farms that sequester carbon. And then you have people like Bill Gates saying that planting trees to deal with carbon is ridiculous. That's a ridiculous way to do it. How is that ridiculous? They literally turn carbon dioxide into oxygen. It is their food. That's what the food of plants is. That's what power is.

The whole plant life and the way we have the symbiotic relationship with them. And the more carbon dioxide it is, the greener it is, which is why it's greener today on Earth than it has been in 100 years. Sure. These are all facts that are inconvenient to people that have a very specific narrow window of how to approach this. Sure. Although there probably are ways to steel man the other side too where maybe –

Maybe, you know, the original 1970s, you know, I think the manifesto that's always very interesting from the other side was this book by the Club of Rome, 1972, The Limits of Growth. And it's, you can't have...

We need to head towards a society in which there's zero percent, there's very limited growth. Because if you have unlimited growth, you're going to run out of resources. If you don't run out of resources, you'll hit a pollution constraint. But in the 1970s, it was you're going to have overpopulation. You're going to run out of oil. We had the oil shocks. And then by the 90s, it sort of morphed into oil.

more of the pollution problem with carbon dioxide, climate change, other environmental things. But there is sort of, you know, there's been some improvement in oil, carbon fuels with fracking, things like this in Texas. It's not at the scale that's been enough to, you know, give an American standard of living to the whole planet. And we consume 100 million barrels a

of oil a day globally. Maybe fracking can add 10%, 10 million to that. If everybody on this planet has an American standard of living, it's something like 300, 400 million barrels of oil. And I don't think that's there. So that's kind of, I always wonder whether that was the real

environmental argument is we can't have an American standard of living for the whole planet. We somehow can't justify this degree of inequality. And therefore, you know, we have to figure out ways to dial back and, you know, tax the carbon, restrict it. And maybe, you know, maybe that's, there's some sort of a Malthusian calculus that's more about resources than about pollution. Hmm.

How much of that could the demand for oil could be mitigated by nuclear? You probably could mitigate it a lot. There's a question why the nuclear thing.

has gone so wrong. Especially if you have electric vehicles, right? Right. You know, it's -- combustion engines probably hard to get nuclear to work, but if you shift to electric vehicles, you can charge them -- you know, your Tesla cars at night. And that would seemingly work.

And there's definitely a history of energy where it was always in the direction of more intense use. It went from wood to coal to oil, which is a more compact form of energy.

And in a way, it takes up less of the environment. And then if we move from oil to uranium, that's even... It's even smaller. And so in a sense, the smaller, the more dense the energy is, the less of the environment it takes up. And when we go back...

when we go from oil to natural gas, which takes up more space, and from natural gas to solar or wind, you have to pollute the whole environment by putting up windmills everywhere. Or you have to cover the whole desert with solar panels. And that is a good way to look at it, because it is a form of pollution. And so there was a way that nuclear was supposed to be the energy mode of the 21st century. And then, yeah, there are all these...

These historical questions, why did it get stopped? Why did we not go down that route? The standard explanation of why it stopped was that there were all these dangers. We had Three Mile Island in 1979, Chernobyl in 1986, and then the Fukushima one in Japan, I think, 2011.

and you had these various accidents. My alternate theory on why nuclear energy really stopped is that it was sort of dystopian or even apocalyptic because it turned out to be very dual use. If you build nuclear power plants,

It's only sort of one step away from building nuclear weapons. And, uh,

And it turned out to be a lot trickier to separate those two things out than it looked. And I think the signature moment was 1974 or 75 when India gets the nuclear bomb. And the U.S., I believe, had transferred the nuclear reactor technology to India. We thought they couldn't weaponize it. And then it turned out it was pretty easy to weaponize. And then sort of the geopolitical

with nuclear power was you either, you know, you need a double standard where we have nuclear power in the U.S., but we don't allow other countries to have nuclear power because the U.S. gets to keep its nuclear weapons. We don't let 100 other countries have nuclear weapons, and that's an extreme double standard, probably a little bit hard to justify. Or you need some kind of really effective alternative

global governance where you have a one world government that regulates all this stuff, which doesn't sound that good either. And then sort of the compromise was just to regulate it so much that maybe the nuclear plants got grandfathered in, but it became too expensive to build new ones. Jesus. Like even China.

which is the country where they're building the most nuclear power plants, they built way less than people expected a decade ago because they don't trust their own designs. And so they have to copy the over-safety, over-protected designs from the West and the nuclear plants. Nuclear power costs too much money. It's cheaper to do coal. Wow.

So, you know, I'm not going to get the numbers exactly right, but if you look at what percent of Chinese electricity was nuclear, it wasn't that high. It was like maybe 4 or 5%.

in 2013, 2014. And the percent hasn't gone up in 10 years because, you know, they've maybe doubled the amount of electricity they use and maybe they doubled the nuclear, but the relative percentage is still a pretty small part of the mix because it's just more expensive when you have these, you know, over-safety designed reactors. There are probably ways to build small reactors that

that are way cheaper, but then you still have this dual-use thing. Do you create plutonium? Are there ways you can create a pathway to building more nuclear weapons? And if there was innovation, if nuclear engineering had gotten to a point where, let's say there wasn't Three Mile Island or Chernobyl didn't happen, do you think that it would have gotten to a much more efficient and

much more effective version by now? Well, my understanding is we have way more efficient designs. You can do small reactor designs, which are you don't need this giant containment structure, so it costs much less per kilowatt hour of electricity you produce. So I think we have those designs. They're just not allowed. But then I think the problem is that...

If you were able to build them in all these countries all over the world, you still have this dual-use problem. And again, my alternate history of what really went wrong with nuclear power, it wasn't Three Mile Island. It wasn't Chernobyl. That's the official story. The real story was India getting the bomb. Wow. That makes sense. It completely makes sense. Jeez Louise. And then this is always the question about –

There's always a big picture question. People ask me, you know, if I'm right about this picture of, you know, the slowdown in tech, the sort of stagnation in many, many dimensions. And then there's always a question, you know, why did this happen? And my cop-out answer is always why questions are overdetermined because, you know –

It can be – there are multiple reasons. So it could be – why it could be we became a more feminized, risk-averse society. It could be that the education system worked less well. It could be that we were just out of ideas. The easy ideas have been found. The hard ideas, the cupboard, nature's cupboard was bare. The low-hanging fruit had been picked. So it can be overdetermined. But I think one dimension –

that's not to be underrated for the science and tech stagnation was that an awful lot of science and technology had this dystopian or apocalyptic dimension. And probably what happened at Los Alamos in 1945 and then with the thermonuclear weapons in the early 50s was

It took a while for it to really seep in, but it had this sort of delayed effect where, you know, maybe a stagnant world in which the physicists don't get to do anything and they have to putter around with DEI and you're not, you know, but you don't build weapons that blow up the world anymore.

You know, is that a is that a feature or a bug and so the stagnation was sort of was sort of like this This response and so it sucks that we've lived in this world for 50 years where a lot of stuff is

has been inert. But if we had a world that was still accelerating on all these dimensions with supersonics and hypersonic planes and hypersonic weapons and modular nuclear reactors, maybe we wouldn't be sitting here and the whole world would have already blown up. And so we're in that

We're in the stagnant path of the multiverse because it had this partially protective thing, even though in all these other ways I feel it's deeply deranged our society. That's a very interesting perspective and it makes a lot of sense. It really does. And particularly the dual use thing with nuclear power and especially distributing that to other countries.

When you talk about the stagnation in this country, like, I don't know how much you follow this whole UAP nonsense. I know we met. What was that guy's name at your place?

The guy who did Chariots of the Gods? Oh, Von Daniken. Yes. Yeah. You thought he was too crazy. You like Hancock, but you don't like Von Daniken. I didn't think he's too crazy. He just willfully, in my opinion, ignores evidence that would show that some of the things that he's saying have already been solved. And I think his...

His hypothesis is all related to this concept that we have been visited and that that's how all these things were built and that this technology was brought here from another world. And I think he's very ideologically locked into these ideas. And I think a much more compelling idea is that there were very advanced cultures for some reason 10,000 years ago.

Whatever it was. Whatever the year was where they built some of the insane structures. It's 45, 100 years ago. They roughly think the pyramids were built. Like whatever the fuck was going on there. I think those were human beings. I think those were human beings in that place in that time. And I think they had some sort of very sophisticated technology that was lost. And things can get lost. Things can get lost in cataclysms. Things can get lost in –

They can get lost in disease and famine and there's all sorts of war, all sorts of reasons, the burning of the library of Alexandria. There's all sorts of ways that technology gets lost forever. And you can have today someone living in Los Angeles in the most sophisticated high-tech society the world has ever known while you still have people that live in the Amazon that live in the same way that they have lived for thousands of years.

So those things can happen in the same planet at the same time. And I think while the rest of the world was essentially operating at a much lower vibration, there were people in Egypt that were doing some extraordinary things. I don't know how they got the information. Maybe they did get it from visitors. Maybe they did. But there's no real compelling evidence that they did.

I think there's much more compelling evidence that a cataclysm happened. When you look at the Younger Dryas impact theory, it's all entirely based on science. It's entirely based on core samples and iridium content and also massive changes in the environment over a very short period of time, particularly the melting of the ice caps in North America and just impact craters all around the world that we know something happened roughly 11,000 years ago.

And probably again 10,000 years ago. I think it's a regular occurrence on this planet that things go sideways and there's massive natural disasters. And I think that it's very likely that –

In some ways, the one in which we have the best history is the fall of the Roman Empire, which was obviously the culmination of the classical world. And it's somehow extremely unraveled. So I think my view on it is probably somewhere between yours and the— Von Daniken? No, not Von Daniken. I'm more on the—

Let me try to define why this – agree on why this is so important today. It's not just of antiquarian interest. The reason it matters today is because the alternative – if you say –

Civilization has seen great rises and falls. It's gone through these great cycles. Maybe the Bronze Age civilizations were very advanced, but someone came up with iron weapons. So there was just one dimension where they progressed, but then everything else they could destroy. And so...

Or the fall of the Roman Empire was, again, this pretty cataclysmic thing where there were diseases and then there were political things that unraveled. But somehow it was a massive regression for four, five, 600 years into the Dark Ages. And the sort of naive –

progressive views, things always just got monotonically better. And there's sort of this revisionist, purely progressive history where even the Roman Empire didn't decline. And even, you know, this one sort of stupid way to quantify this stuff is with pure demographics. And so it's the question, how many people lived in the past? And, you know,

And the rises and falls of civilization story is there were more people who lived in the Roman Empire because it was more advanced. It could support a larger population. And then the population declined. You know, the city of Rome maybe had a million people at its peak. And then by, you know, I don't know, 650 AD, maybe it's down to 10,000 people or less. You have this complete collapse in population. And then the sort of alternate population.

Purely progressive view is the population has always just been monotonically increasing because it's a measure of how, in some sense, things in aggregate have always been getting better. So I am definitely on your side that population had great rises and falls. Civilizations had great rises and falls. And so that part of it, I agree with you.

or even some variant of what Hancock or Fundana can say. The place where I would say I think things are different is I don't think –

And therefore, it seems possible something could happen to our civilization. That's always the upshot of it. If it had been monotonically always progressing, then there's nothing we should worry about. Nothing can possibly go wrong. And then certainly the thing, the sort of alternate Hancock, von Däniken, Schubert,

Joe Rogan, history of the world tells us is that we shouldn't take our civilization for granted. There's things that can go really haywire. I agree with that. The one place where I differ is I think, I do think our civilization today is on some dimensions way more advanced than any of these past civilizations were. I don't think any of them had nuclear weapons. I don't think any of them had, you know, spaceships.

Or anything like that. And so the failure mode is likely to be somewhat different from these past ones. Yeah, that makes sense. I think technology progressed in a different direction. That's what I think. I think structural technology, building technology, had somehow or another achieved levels of competence that's not available today.

When you look at the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza, there's 2,300,000 stones in it.

The whole thing points to do north, south, east and west. It's an incredible achievement. The stones, some of them were moved from a quarry that was 500 miles away through the mountains. They have no idea how they did it. Massive stones. The ones inside the King's Chamber, the biggest ones are like 80 tons. It's crazy. The whole thing is crazy. How did they do that? Whatever they did, they did without machines supposedly. They did without the use of the combustion engine. They didn't have electricity.

And yet they were able to do something that stands the test of time, not just so you could look at it. You know, like you can go to the Acropolis and see the Parthenon. It's gorgeous. It's amazing. It's incredible. But I can understand how people could have built it.

The pyramids is one of those things you just look at and you go, what the fuck was going on here? What was going on here? And none of these people are still around. You have this strange culture now that's entirely based around – you have Cairo and an enormous population of visitors, right, which is a lot of it, people just going to stare at these ancient relics. Right.

What was going on that those people were so much more advanced than anyone anywhere else in the world? Yeah. I'm not sure I would anchor on the technological part, but I think the piece that is very hard for us to comprehend is what motivated them culturally. Well, how did they do it physically? Why did they do it?

Why were you motive? So why, but also how? How is a big one? Because it's really difficult to solve. There's no traditional conventional explanations for the construction, the movement of the stones, the amount of time that it would take. And if you move 10 stones a day, I believe it takes 664 years to make one of those pyramids. So how many people were involved? How long did it take? How'd they get them there? How'd they figure out how to do it? How come the shittier pyramids seem to be dated later?

Like what was going on in that particular period of time where they figured out how to do something so extraordinary that even today, 4,500 years later, we stare at it and we go –

I don't know. I don't know what the fuck they did. I haven't studied it carefully enough. I'll trust you that it's very hard. I think the – I would say the real mystery is why were they motivated? And it's because you can't live in a pyramid. It's just – it was just the afterlife of the pharaoh. There's some debate about that. Christopher Dunn is an engineer who believes that it was some sort of a power plant.

He's got this very bizarre theory that there was a chamber that exists. You see the structure of the pyramid, the inside of it. There's a chamber that's subterranean, and he believes this subterranean chamber was pounding on the surface of the earth itself.

and of the walls of the thing, creating this very specific vibration. They had shafts that came down into the queen's chamber. These shafts, they would pour chemicals into these shafts, and then there was limestone at the end of it. This is all his theory, not mine.

The end of it, there was this limestone, which is permeable, right? So the limestone, which is porous, these gases come through and creates this hydrogen that's inside of this chamber. Then there are these shafts inside the king's chamber that are –

They're getting energy from space, gamma rays and all the shit from space. And then it's going through these chambers, which are very specifically designed to target these gases and put them into this chamber where they would interact with this energy. And he believes it's enough to create electricity. It's a crazy theory. Look, I'm always too fast to debunk all these things. But just coming back to our earlier conversation, it sounds –

It must have been a crazy power plant to have a containment structure much bigger than a nuclear reactor. Yeah, well, it's ridiculous. But it's also a different kind of technology, right? If nuclear technology was completely not on the table, they didn't understand atoms at all. But they did understand that there's rays that come from space and that you could somehow harness the energy of these things with specific gases and through some method convert that into some form of electricity. But it –

If it takes so much power to put all these rocks on the pyramid, you have to always look at how efficient the power plant is. So it can't just be some – it has to be like the craziest reaction ever to justify such a –

containment structures. Even nuclear power plants don't work economically. They only work... Well, they didn't do a lot of them. They only did this one in Giza. And then there was other pyramids that he thinks had different functions that were smaller. But the whole purpose of it is...

Or the whole point of it is we don't know what the fuck it is. We don't know why they did it. We have a group of new archaeologists that are looking at it from a completely different theory. They're not looking at it like it's a tomb. The established archaeologists have insisted that this is a tomb for the pharaoh. The newer archaeologists, established archaeologists, are looking at it and considering whether or not there were some other uses for this thing. And one of them is the concept of the parapa. I'm always – I don't know if this is an alternate –

history theory, but I'm always into the James Frazier, Golden Bough, Rene Girard, violence, sacred history, where you have always this question about the origins of monarchy and kingship. And the sort of Girard-Fraser intuition is that it's something like, it is something like

If every king is a kind of living god, then we have to also believe the opposite, that maybe every god is a dead or murdered king and that somehow societies were organized around scapegoats. The scapegoats were – there was sort of a crisis in the archaic community. It got blamed on a scapegoat. The scapegoat was attributed all these powers.

And then at some point, the scapegoat, before he gets executed, figures out a way to postpone his execution and turn the power into something real. And so there's sort of this very weird adjacency between the monarch and the scapegoat. And then, you know, I don't know, the sort of riff on the – would be that the first pyramid did not need to be invented. It was just the stones that were thrown on a victim. And then it somehow – and that's the original –

The stones that were thrown on a victim. A community stones a victim to death. Tribe runs after a victim. You stone them to death. You throw stones on the victim. That's how you create the first tomb. And then as it gets more complicated, you create a tomb that's two million stones. And you get a pharaoh...

You get a pharaoh who figures out a way to postpone his own execution or something like this. I think there's – I'm going to blank on the name of this ritual, but I believe in the old Egyptian kingdoms, which were sort of around the time of the Great Pyramids or even before, it was something like in the 30th year of the reign of the pharaoh, the pharaoh gets transformed into a living god.

And then this perhaps dates to a time where in the 30th year of the pharaoh's reign, the pharaoh would get ritually sacrificed or killed. And you have all these societies where the kings lived, were allowed to rule for a lot of time, where you become king and you draw the number of pebbles out of a vase and that corresponds to how many years? Was this, Jamie? The Sed Festival.

Heb said Festival of Tales, an ancient Egyptian ceremony that celebrated the continued rule of Pharaoh...

The name was taken from the name of the Egyptian wolf god, one of whom's name was Wipowet. Yeah, this is what I'm talking about. Or said. The less formal feast name, the Feast of the Tail, is derived... Yeah, next paragraph is the one to start. Okay. That one right there. The ancient festival might perhaps have been instituted to replace a ritual of murdering a pharaoh who was unable to continue to rule effectively because of age or condition. Interesting.

Interesting. So you can't kill him now. And then eventually said festivals were jubilees. Several of them had been thrown for 30 years. And then every three to four years after that. So when it becomes unthinkable to kill the pharaoh, the pharaoh gets turned into a living god. Before that, the pharaoh gets murdered and then gets worshipped as a dead pharaoh or distant god. That's interesting, but it still doesn't solve the engineering puzzle.

The engineering puzzle is the biggest one. How do they do that? Well, the one I'm focusing on is the motivational puzzle. Yeah, but even if you have all the motivation in the world, if you want to build a structure that's insane to build today and you're doing it 4,500 years ago, we're dealing with a massive puzzle.

I think the motivational part is the harder one to solve. If you can figure out the motivation, you'll figure out a way to organize the whole society. And if you can get the whole society working on it, you can probably do it. But don't you think that his grasp of power was in peril in the first place, which is why they decided to come up with this idea of turning them into a living god?

So to have the amount of resources and power and then the engineering and then the understanding of –

whatever methods they use to shape and move these things. Well, this is always the anthropological debate between Voltaire, the Enlightenment thinker of the 18th century, and Durkheim, the 19th century anthropologist. And Voltaire believes that religion originates as a conspiracy of the priests to maintain power. And so politics comes first. The politicians invent religion first.

And then Durkheim says the causation is the other way around, that somehow religion came first and then politics somehow came out of it. Of course, once the politics comes out of it, the priests, the religious authorities have political power. They figure out ways to manipulate it, things like this. But I find –

You know, I find the Durkheim story far more plausible than the Voltaire one. I think the religious categories are primary and the political categories are secondary. So you think the religion came first. But what about if we emanated from tribal societies? Tribal societies have always had leaders.

when you have leaders you can have dissent you can have challenges you can have politics and you have people negotiating to try to maintain power keep power keep everything organized that's the origin of politics correct uh...

You know, I think that's a whitewashed, enlightenment, rationalist description of the origin of politics. What do you think the origin of politics is? I think it's far more vile than that. You know, what you're giving me is... Well, it's very vile. The control and power and maintaining power involves murder and sabotage. Well, OK, that's more like it. Yeah. But what you gave me a minute ago sounds more like a social contract theory in which people sit down, negotiate, and...

and have a nice legal chit-chat to draw up the social contract. That is a complete fiction. Yeah, I don't think that. I think that there was probably various levels of civility that were achieved when agriculture and when establishments were...

constructed that were near resources where they didn't have to worry as much about food and water and things along those lines. Things probably got a little bit more civil. But I think that the origins of it are like the origins of all human conflict. It's filled with murder. Well, I think at the beginning was madness and murder. Yeah, madness and murder. And I don't know if it got that much more rational. I don't know if it's that much more rational today.

Well, in some ways it's not, right? This is again back to the progressive conception. Are we really – have we really progressed? How much have we really progressed from that? But yeah, my version would be that it was much more progressive.

it was organized around, you know, acts of mass violence, like maybe you externalize it onto, you know, a mastodon or hunting some big animal or something like this. But the real problem of violence, you know, it wasn't external. It was mostly internal. It was violence with people who were near you, proximate to you. It wasn't even natural cataclysms or other tribes. It was sort of

much more the internal stuff. And it's very different, I think, the human situation is somehow very, very different from something like, I don't know, an ape-primate hierarchy, where in an ape context, you have an alpha male,

You know, he's the strongest and there's some sort of natural dominance and you don't need to have a fight to the death typically because you know who's the strongest and you don't need to push it all the way. In a human context, it's always possible for two or three guys to gang up on the alpha male. So it's somehow the culture is more important now.

You know, if they can talk to each other and you get language and then they can coordinate and they can gang up on on the leader and then you have to stop them from getting up on the leader. And how do you do that? And so there's some sort of radical difference between a human and a let's say a pre-human world. Have you seen Chimp Empire?

No. Chimp Empire is a fascinating documentary series on Netflix where these scientists had been embedded with this tribe of chimpanzees for decades. And so because they were embedded, they had very specific rules. You have to maintain at least 20 yards from you and any of the chimps. No food. You can never have food. And don't look them in the eyes.

And as long as you do that, they don't feel you're a threat and they think of you as a natural part of their environment, almost like you don't exist. And they behave completely naturally. Well, it shows in that that sometimes it's not the largest, strongest one and that some chimps form bonds with other chimps and they form coalitions. And they do have some sort of politic. And they do help each other. They groom each other. They do specific things for each other. And then one of the things that happens also is

They get invaded by other chimps and that chimps leave and they go on patrol and other chimps gang up on them and kill them and they try to fight and battle over resources. So it's not nearly as cut and dry as the strongest chimp prevails because one of the chimps that was dominant was an older chimp and he was smaller than some of the other chimps but he had formed a coalition with all these other chimps and they all respected him and they all knew that they would be treated fairly.

And being treated fairly is a very important thing with chimpanzees. They get very jealous if they think that things are not fair, which is why that guy was attacked. You know that guy who had a pet chimpanzee? He brought it a birthday cake. The other chimps weren't getting a piece of the cake, and someone had fucked up and left a door open. They got out and mauled this guy because he didn't give them some of the cake. Yeah, so I find all of that quite plausible, but I think—

Both of us can be correct. So there's some – the true story of hominization, of how we became humans, there's a way to tell it where it's continuous with our animal past and where it's just – there's things like this with the chimpanzees or the baboons or other primates.

And then there is a part of the story that I think is also more discontinuous. And my judgment is we probably, in a Darwinian context, we always stress the continuity. I'm always a little bit the contrarian. And so I believe in Darwin's theory. But I think we should also be skeptical of

ways it's too dogmatic, and Darwin's theories make us gloss over the discontinuities. And I think, you know, the one type of, and this is going to happen overnight, but one type of fairly dramatic discontinuity is that, you know, is that humans have something like language. And even though, you know, chimpanzees probably, I don't know, they have an IQ of 80 or, they're pretty smart, but when you don't have a rich symbolic system, you know,

that leads to sort of a very, very different kind of structure. And there's something about...

language and the kind of coordination that allows and the ways that it forces you to, it enables you to coordinate on violence and then it encourages you to channel violence in certain sacred religious directions, I think creates a, you know, something radically different about human society. We're, you know, we differ, you know, we tell, humans tell each other stories. A lot of the stories are not true. They're myths.

But I think that's some sort of very important difference from even our closest primate relatives.

But, you know, this is, again, this is sort of like another way of getting at what's so crazy about chat GPT and passing the Turing test. Because if we had sat here two years ago and you asked me, you know, what is the distinctive feature of a human being? What makes someone a human? And, you know, how...

in a way that differs from everybody else. You know, it's not perfect, but my go-to answer would have been language. You know, you're a three-year-old, you're an 80-year-old, you know, just about all humans can speak languages, just about all non-humans cannot speak languages. It's this binary thing. And then that's sort of a way of telling us, again, why passing the Turing test was

Way more important than super intelligence or anything else. Yeah, I could see that. Sorry, I don't want to go back to that tangent. No, no, it's a good tangent. Go ahead, connect it. Keep tangenting off. Have fun. It's great. What do you think the factor was? There's a lot of debate about this. Like the factor was that separated us from these animals and why we became what we became. Because we're so vastly different than any other primate.

So what do you think took place? Like the doubling of the human brain size over a period of two million years is one of the greatest mysteries in the entire fossil record. We don't know what the fuck happened. There's a lot of theories, the throwing arm, cooking meat. There's a lot of theories. But we really have no idea. Well, again, if I – let me do sort of a linguistic riff. I think –

Aristotelian Darwinian biology, Aristotle, you always differ things by, put them in categories. And man, I think the line Aristotle has is something, man differs from the other animals in his greater aptitude for imitation. And I would say that we are these giant imitating machines. And of course, the Darwinian riff on this is, you know, to imitate is to ape.

And so we differ from the ape. We're more ape-like than the apes. We are far better at aping each other than the apes are. And that, you know, a first cut, I would say our brains are giant imitation machines. That's how you learn language as a kid. You imitate your parents. Interesting.

And that's how culture gets transmitted. But then there are a lot of dimensions of imitation that are also very dangerous because it's not... Imitation doesn't just happen on this symbolic linguistic level. It's also you imitate things you want. You want a banana. I want a banana. You want a blue ball. I can have a red ball. I want a blue ball because you have a blue ball. And...

And so there's something about imitation that, you know, creates culture, you know, that is incredibly important pedagogically learning. You know, it's how you master something, how you, you know, in all these different ways. And then a lot of it has this incredibly conflictual dimension as well. And then there's, yeah, so I think,

That was sort of core to the things that are both great and troubled about humanity. And that was sort of – that was in some ways the problem that needed to be solved. So you think that the motivation of imitation is the essential first steps that led us to become human? There's some story like – and again, this is a one-dimensional, one explanation fits all. But yeah, the –

The explanation I would go with is that it was something like our brains got bigger, and so we were more powerful imitation machines. And there were things about that that made us a lot more powerful and a lot—we could learn things and we could remember things, and there was cultural transmission that happened. But then it also—

We could build better weapons and we became more violent. And it also had a very, very destructive element. And then somehow the imitation, you know, had to be channeled in these sort of ritualized, religious, you know, kinds of ways. And that's why...

I think all these things sort of somehow came up together in parallel. What about the physical adaptation? Like what would be the motivation of the animal to change form and to have its brain grow so large and to lose all its hair and to become soft and fleshy like we are as opposed to like rough and durable like almost every other primate is? Well, you can always, man, you can always tell these retrospective just-so stories and how this all happened.

all worked out, but it, it would seem the, the naive retrospective story would be that, uh, um, you know, there are a lot of ways that humans are, I don't know, less strong than the other apes or, you know, that all, all these ways where we're in some sense weaker physically, physically, but, um, but maybe it was just this basic trade-off. You, you know, yeah, more, more of your energy went into your mind and into your brain. And, um,

And then, you know, your fist wasn't as strong, but you could build a better axe. And that made you stronger than an ape. And that's, yeah, where, you know, a brain with, you know, less energy was spent on growing a hare to keep warm in the winter. And then you used your brain to build an axe and skin a bear and get some fur for the winter or something like that. Yeah, I guess. But it's just such a leap.

It's such a leap and different than any other animal. Like, and like, what was the primary motivating factor? Like, what was the thing? You know, McKenna believes it was psilocybin. You know, I'm sure you probably, you ever heard that theory? McKenna's stoned ape theory, which is a fascinating one, but there's a lot of different theories about what took place, but we're just, well, the one, yeah, the one I would go on was that there was this dimension of increased imitation and

There was some kind of cultural linguistic dimension that was incredibly important. It probably was also somehow linked to dealing with all the violence that came with it, all the conflicts that came with it. I'd be more open to the stoned ape theory if people...

I had this conversation with the other guy, Murorescu, the immortality key guy. And I always feel they whitewash it too much. How so? You know, it's like if you had these crazy Dionysian rituals in which people, you know, there's probably lots of crazy sex. There's probably lots of crazy violence that was tied to it. And so maybe you'd be out of your mind to be hunting a woolly mammoth.

And, like, maybe you can't be completely, you know... But they weren't hunting woolly mammoths during the Eleusinian Mysteries. No, but you were... I don't know, you went to war to fight the neighboring tribe. It's probably more dangerous than hunting. Right, but they also did absolutely have these rituals, and they have absolutely found trace elements of... I don't question that. Okay. I don't question that at all. I just... I just think they probably... Part of it was also...

Was a way to channel violence. It was probably, you know, whenever, I don't know, was there some degree to which whenever you went to war, you were on drugs? Oh, yeah. Or stuff like that. Well, we know about the Vikings. The Vikings most certainly took mushrooms before they went into battle. And, you know, maybe it makes you less...

Less coordinated or something? No. Just if you're less scared. It doesn't make you less coordinated. If you're just a little bit less scared, that's probably super important. It increases visual acuity. There's a lot of benefits that would happen physically, especially if you got the dose right. It increases visual acuity, edge detection's better. It makes people more sensitive, probably more aware, probably a better hunter. But I'm sympathetic to all these things.

mushrooms, psychedelic drug, historical usage theories, I suspect was very widespread. I just think a lot of it was in these contexts that were pretty transgressive. Yeah, I think they're not mutually exclusive. I think just giving the

the way the world was back then, for sure violence was everywhere. Violence was a part of daily life. Violence was a part of how society was kept together. Violence was entertainment in Rome, right? For sure violence was everything. It was a big part of it. And I think release and the anxiety of that violence also led people to want to be intoxicated and do different things that separated them from a normal state of consciousness.

But I do think it's also probably where democracy came from. I think having those Illicinian mystery rituals where they would get together and do psychedelics under this very controlled set and setting, I think that's the birthplace of a lot of very interesting and innovative ideas. I think a lot of interesting and innovative ideas currently are being –

at least dreamt up, thought of, they have their roots in, some sort of altered conscious experience? Well, it's, I mean, I don't know. I think this stuff is very powerful. I think it is, it is, I definitely think it shouldn't be outlawed. You know, pretty hardcore libertarian on all the drug legalization stuff. And then I do wonder, you know,

I do wonder exactly how these things work. Probably the classical world version of it was that it was something that you did in a fairly controlled setting. You didn't do it every day. And it was sort of – it was some way –

I imagine, to get a very different perspective on your nine-to-five job or whatever you want to call it. But you didn't necessarily want to really decamp to the other world altogether. Oh, for sure. It's too dangerous to do. I don't think anybody thinks they did. I think that was part of the whole thing. Where do you think that line is? Like, you know...

Should everyone do one ayahuasca trip? Or if you do an ayahuasca trip a year, is that too much? I don't think everyone has to do anything. And I think everyone has their own requirements. And I think...

I think, as you do, that everything like this, especially psychedelics, one of the more disappointing things recently was that the FDA had denied – they did these MDMA trials for – you know about all this? Yep. Yeah, very, very disappointing that they wanted to make MDMA therapy available to veterans. Right.

and people with severe PTSD, and it has extreme benefits, clinical benefits, known documented benefits, and for whatever reason, the FDA decided that they have to go through a whole new series of trials to try to get this stuff legalized, which is very disappointing. Yeah, I...

I was very bullish on this stuff happening. And the way I thought about it four or five years ago was that it was a hack to doing a double-blind study.

And because the FDA always has this concept that you need to do a double-blind study. You give one third of the people, you give a sugar pill, and two-thirds, you give the real drug. And no one knows whether they have the sugar pill or the real drug. And then you see how it works. And science requires a double-blind study. And then my anti-double-blind study theory is...

If it really works, you don't need a double-blind study. It should just work. And there's something sociopathic about doing double-blind studies because one-third of the people who have this bad disease are getting a sugar pill. And we shouldn't even be... Like, maybe it's immoral to do double-blind studies. Well, double-blind studies on unique and novel things make sense. But this is not unique nor novel. It's been around long. Well, unique, yes, but... Well, my claim is if it's a...

if it actually works, you shouldn't need to do a double-blind study at all. And then my hope was that MDMA, psychedelics, all these things, they were a hack on the double-blind study because you knew whether you got the real thing or the sugar pill. And so this would be a way to hack through this ridiculous double-blind criterion and just get the study done. And then what I think...

part of it, it's probably just an anti-drug ideology by the FDA. But the other part that happened on the sort of science, scientific establishment level is they think you need a double-blind study.

Joe, we know you're hacking this double-blind study because people will know whether they got the sugar pill or not. And that's why we're going to arbitrarily change the goalposts and set them at way, way harder because we know there's no way you can do a double-blind study. And if it's not a double-blind study, it's no good because that's what our ideology of science tells us. And that's sort of what I –

think was part of what went sort of politically haywire with this stuff. Well, I also think that it's Pandora's box. I think that's a real issue and that if they do find extreme benefit in using MDMA therapy, particularly for veterans...

If they start doing that and it starts becoming very effective and it becomes well known and widespread, then it will open up the door to all these other psychedelic compounds. And I think that's a real threat to the powers that be. It's a real threat to the establishment. If you have people thinking in a completely alternative way, I mean we saw what happened during the 1960s and that's one of the reasons why they threw water on everything and had it become schedule one and locked the country down in terms of the access to psychedelics.

All that stuff happened out of a reaction to the way society and culture was changing in the 1960s. If that happened today, it would throw a giant monkey wrench in our political system, in our cultural system, the way we govern, just the way allocation of resources, all that would change. Just to articulate the alternate version on this, there's always a – there's a –

Let me think how to get this. You know, there's a question whether the shift to interiority, is it a complement or a substitute? Like what I said about talk and action, is it a complement or a substitute for

to changing the outside world. So we focus on changing ourselves. Is this the first step to changing the world or is it, um, is it sort of a hypnotic way in which our attention is being redirected to from outer space to inner space? So I don't know the one liner I had years ago was, um, you know, we landed on the moon in July of 1969 and three weeks later Woodstock started and that's when the hippies took over the country. And, um,

and we stopped going to outer space because we started going to inner space. And so there's sort of a question how much it worked as an activator or as a deactivator in a way. And there are all these different modalities of interiority. There's

psychological therapy, there's meditation, there's yoga, there's, you know, there was a sexual revolution that were gradually you have incels living their parents basement playing video games. So they're all you know, there's the navel gazing that is identity politics. There's a range of psychedelic things. And I think all these things

I wonder whether the interiority ended up acting as a substitute. Because, you know, the alternate history in the 1960s is that, you know, the hippies were actually, they were anti-political. And it was sort of that the drugs happened at the end of the city, at the end of the 60s. And that's when people depoliticized. You know, it was like, I don't know, the Beatles song, you're carrying around...

Pictures of Chairman Mao you're not going to make with anyone anyhow. It's like that's what after they did LSD. It was just the sort of insane politics no longer matters. And so you have the civil rights, the Vietnam War. And then were the drugs the thing that motivated it? Or was that the thing where it actually...

Those things started to start to deescalate. I think they were happening at the same time. And I think the Vietnam War coinciding with the psychedelic drug movement of the 1960s, it was one of the reasons why it was so dangerous to the establishment, because these people were far less likely to buy into this idea that they needed to fly to Vietnam and go kill people they didn't know.

And they were far less likely to support any war. And I think there was this sort of bizarre movement that we had never seen before, this flower children – that we know that they plotted against. I mean if you read Chaos by Tom O'Neill. Yep. Fantastic book that shows you what they were trying to do to demonize these hippies. Well, it was – or the part of it that I thought was interesting was the MKUltra. Yeah. Which is a part of it. Yeah. Where, you know, we –

There was a predecessor version where we thought of – you could think of it as we had an arms race with the fascists and the communists. And they were very good at brainwashing people. The Goebbels propaganda, North Koreans brainwashing our soldiers in the Korean War, our POWs.

And we needed to have an arms race to program and reprogram and deprogram people. And LSD was sort of the MKUltra shortcut. So I think there was – and then I – yeah, my – it's so hard to reconstruct it. But my suspicion is that the MKUltra thing was a lot bigger than

than we realize. And that, you know, it was the LSD movement, both in the Harvard form and the Stanford form. You know, it started as an MKUltra project. Timothy Leary at Harvard, Ken Kesey at Stanford. I knew Tom Wolfe, the American novelist. I still think his greatest novel was...

the electric Kool-Aid acid test, which is sort of this history of the LSD counterculture movement. It starts at Stanford, moves to Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco. But it starts with Ken Kesey as a grad student at Stanford circa 1958. And you get an extra $75 a day if you go to the Menlo Park Veterans Hospital and they give you some random drug. And

Yeah, he got an extra $75 as a grad student in English doing LSD. And Tom Wolfe writes this iconic, fictionalized novel, very realistic, 1968, about this. And Wolfe could not have imagined this.

that the whole thing started as some CIA mind control project. Right. The Menlo Park Veterans Hospital that was deep state adjacent. Sure. Well, Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic run by the CIA. Sure, that's even crazier. The whole thing's crazy. The Jolly West guy, yep. Yeah, the whole thing's crazy, which leads me to what do you think they're doing today?

If they were doing that then, I do not believe that they abandoned this idea of programming people. I do not believe that. I don't think they would because I know it's effective. Look, people join cults every day. We're well aware that people can be ideologically captured. We're well aware. We're well aware people will buy into crazy ideas as long as it's supported by whatever community they associate with. That's just a natural process.

of being a human being. Maybe it's part of what you were saying, this imitation thing that we have. It leads us to do this. If they have that knowledge and that understanding, for sure, they're probably doing things similar today, which is one of the things that I think about a lot when I think about this guy that tried to shoot Trump. I want to know what happened. And I don't think we're getting a very detailed explanation at all as to how this person achieved success

These the get how they got on the roof how they got to that position how they trained what who were they in contact with? Who is teaching them? Why did they why did they do it? What was going on? We were in the dark and

And I wonder, like, you know, there was always the Manchurian candidate idea, right? This idea that we trained assassins. Well, it's the RFK dad assassination in 1960. Sir Han, Sir Han. Where he, again, maybe you shouldn't believe him, but he claimed that he didn't even know what he was doing. It was some sort of hypnotic trance or whatever. And it was like the assassin in the Manchurian candidate. Yeah, yeah. I mean, that is possible.

I don't know if he's telling the truth. He could have just had a psychotic break. Who knows? Obviously, that's convenient. Yeah, very convenient. But it's a possibility that she could be should be considered. I mean, this crooks kid that did this, that shot at the president. What? How? What happened? I want to know what happened. Man, I probably veer in the direction that there were on the sort of conspiracy theory of history.

I veer in the direction that there was a lot of crazy stuff like this that was going on in the U.S. first half of the 20th century, overdrive, 1940s. You know, I mean, you had the Manhattan Project, this giant secret project, 1950s, 1960s. And then somehow the last 50 years, I think the—I'm not sure disturbing—

But the perspective I have is these institutions are less functional. I don't think the CIA is doing anything quite like MKUltra anymore. Why do you think that? I think you had the Church Commission hearings in the late 70s, and somehow things got exposed.

And then when things – when bureaucracy is forced to be formalized, it probably becomes a lot less functional. You know, there was – like the 2000s version. There was – I think there was a lot of crazy stuff that we did in black sites, torturing people, etc.

the CIA ran in the war on terror, waterboarding, all sorts of batshit crazy stuff that happened. But then once John Yoo in the Bush 43 administration writes the torture memos and sort of formalizes this is how many times you can water dunk someone without it being torture, et cetera, et cetera. Once you formalize it, people somehow know that it's on its way out because

you know, it doesn't quite work anymore. So by, I don't know, by 2007 at Guantanamo, I think the inmates were running the asylum. The inmates and the defense lawyers were running it. You were way safer as a Muslim terrorist in Guantanamo than as a, let's say, suspected cop killer in Manhattan. There was still an informal process in Manhattan. You were a suspected cop killer. They'd figure out some way to deal with you outside the judicial, the formal judicial process.

But I think something, there was a sort of formalization that happened. There was the post-J. Edgar Hoover FBI, where Hoover was, I don't know, a law unto himself. It was completely out of control, CIA even more so. And then once it all gets exposed, it probably is a lot harder to do. The NSA probably held up longer as a deep state entity.

where it at least had the virtue people you know i think the 1980s it was still referred to as no such agency so it's still it was still far more obscure so the necessary condition is that if some part of the deep state's doing it you know we we can barely know what's going on right with them and then i don't know you know the the 2000s 2010s history of on the on on you know

I think the Patriot Act empowered all these FISA courts. And I think there was... I think there probably were ways the NSA FISA court process was weaponized in a really, really crazy way. And it culminated in 2016 with all the crazy Russia conspiracy theories against Trump. But I think even that, I'm not sure...

they can do anymore because it got exposed. Can't do that anymore. But a small program that is top secret, that is designed under the auspices of protecting American lives, extracting information from people. I'm agreeing with you. The NSA FISA court process is one where you had a pretty out of control process from, let's say, circa 2003 to 2017, 2018. So that's

Relatively recent history. I don't know. You know, they're all the all the Jeffrey Epstein conspiracy theories, which I'm probably too fascinated by because it felt like there was there was some crazy stuff going on that they were able to cover up and still are. And then but then, man, doesn't the fact that we're still talking about Jeffrey Epstein tell us how hard it is to come up with anything else?

No, because there's no answers for the Jeffrey Epstein thing. There's been no consequences other than Ghislaine Maxwell going to jail and Jeffrey Epstein allegedly committing suicide, which I don't think he did. Other than that, what are the consequences? They were able to pull off this thing, this some –

Some sort of operation. Who knows who was behind it? Who knows what was the motivation? But it clearly has something to do with compromising people, which is an age-old strategy for getting people to do what you want them to do. You have things on them. You use those things as leverage. And then next thing you know, you've got people saying things that you want them to say. And it moves policy, changes things, get things done.

They did that. Yes. And we know they did that, and yet no one is asking for the tapes. No one's asking for the client list. We're in the dark still. And probably – I don't know, man. I spend too much time thinking about all the Epstein variants.

It – probably the sex stuff is overdone and everything else is underdone. It's like a limited hangout. We get to talk about the crazy underage sex and not about all the other questions. It's like when Alex Acosta testified for labor secretary and he was the DA who had prosecuted Epstein in 08, 09 and got him sort of the very light 13-month or whatever sentence. Yeah.

And it was a South Florida DA or whatever he was. And Acosta was asked, you know, why did he get off so easily? And under congressional testimony when he was up for labor secretary in 2017, it was he belonged to intelligence. Yeah. And then, you know –

And so it's, yeah, it's, the question isn't about the sex with the underage women. The question is, is really about, you know, why was he, why was he so protected? And then, you know, I went, I went down all these rabbit holes. Was he, you know, working for the Israelis or the Mossad or all this sort of stuff? And I've come to think that that's, that was very secondary. It was obviously, it was just the U.S.,

You know, if you're working for Israel, you don't get protected. And we had Jonathan Pollard. He went to jail for 25 years or whatever. But unrelated, right? Understood. But it's... But this is one particular operation. But so it's... But it was... If it was an intelligence operation, the question we should be asking is what part of the U.S. intelligence system was he working for? Was he working for, you know... But don't you think that's an effective strategy for controlling politicians? Yes.

Getting them involved in sex scandals. I mean, that's always been one of the worst things that can happen to a politician. Look at Monica Lewinsky. A very simple one. Consensual, inappropriate sexual relationship between a president and a staffer. And it almost takes down the presidency. It causes him to get impeached. Powerful motivators. The shame of it all. Also, the illegal activity. The fact that it's, I mean, it's one of the most disgusting things that we think of with people having sex with underage people. Yeah.

I'm sure that was part of it. I suspect there are a lot of other questions that one should also ask. Most certainly. But I would think that that is one of the best motivators that we have.

is having dirt on people like that, especially something that could ruin your career, especially people that are deeply embedded in this system of people knowing things about people and using those at their advantage. I mean, that's an age-old strategy in politics. That was J. Edgar Hoover's entire modus operandi. My riff on it was always that it was –

It's a little bit different from the J. Edgar Hoover thing. And the question was always whether the people doing it knew they were getting compromised. And so it's the vibe is not that you somehow got compromised. It was more compromise.

You were joining this secret club. Right. You got to be made. Yes. You're a made man in the mafia. And you get to do crazy things. No, no, no. No, it's only if we have compromise on you, you get ahead. Right. It's like, you know, it's like, I don't know. It's one of these. Skull and bones type things. Yeah. Closet of the Vatican. Right. The claim is 80 percent of the cardinals in the Catholic Church are gay. Right.

Not sure if that's true, but directionally, it's probably correct. And the basic thesis is you don't get promoted to a cardinal if you're straight because we need to have – and so we need to – you need to be compromised and then you're under control –

But you also get ahead. Completely makes sense. Completely makes sense in the way to do that with especially all these politicians who are essentially like bad actors. A lot of them, they're just people that want power and people that want control. A lot of them. And, you know, those kind of guys, they want to party. You know, I mean, that has been you've got two types of leaders that are presidents. You've got pussy hounds and warmongers.

And sometimes you have both, but generally you don't. Guys like Clinton and JFK were anti-war. And then you have guys like Bush who you don't think of at all as a pussy hound, but most certainly you think of as a warmonger. Do you have a theory on what was Bill Gates' complicity with Epstein? I think he likes pussy.

I think he's a man. I think he likes power. He likes monopoly. I mean, he's incredibly effective with Microsoft. And for the longest time, he was thought of as a villain, right? He was this antitrust villain. He was this guy who was monopolizing this operating system and controlling everything.

Just this incredible empire. And he had a real bad rap. And then I think he wisely turned towards philanthropy. But do you think...

Do you think that he needed Epstein? I think it's very difficult for a very famous, very high profile person to fuck around. I think it's very difficult. I think you have to worry about people telling people. You worry about it taking you down if you're having affairs. If you're running some philanthropy organization, you're supposed to be thought of as this guy who's like this wonderful person who's trying to really fix all the problems in the world. But really, he's just flying around and banging all these different chicks. You have to figure out a way to,

to pull that off. And this is what Eric Weinstein and I, we've had discussions about this. And Eric's position is that there are people in this world that can provide experiences for you and safely for people that are in that kind of a group. And that makes sense. It makes sense that if you pay people enough and you have people motivated in order to establish these

relationships and make sure that these things happen. When you get very high profile, you can't just be on a fucking dating app. And if you're a guy who likes to bank checks, what are you going to do? All of that might be true, but I wonder if there are more straightforward alternate conspiracy theories on Epstein that we're missing. So let me do an alternate one on Bill Gates, where the...

You know, the things just just looking at what's hiding in plain sight. You know, he supposedly talked to Epstein early on about how his marriage wasn't doing that well. And then Epstein suggested that he should get a divorce circa 2010, 2011. And Gates told him something like, you know, that doesn't quite work. Presumably because he didn't have a prenup.

So there's one part of Epstein as a marriage counselor, which is sort of disturbing. But then the second thing that we know that Gates talked to Epstein about was sort of, you know, all the sort of collaborating on funding, setting up this philanthropy, all this sort of this somewhat corrupt left-wing philanthropy structures. And so there's a question, you know...

And then my sort of straightforward alternate conspiracy theory is should we combine those two? And was there – and I don't have all the details on this figured out, but it would be something like Bill and Melinda get married in 1994. They don't sign a prenup. And –

you know, something's going wrong with the marriage and maybe Melinda can get half the money in a divorce. He doesn't want her to get half the money. What do you do? And then the alternate plan is something like you set up, you commit the marital assets to this nonprofit and then it sort of

locks Melinda into not complaining about the marriage for a long, long time. And it's some kind of a – and so there's something about the left-wing philanthropy world that was – it was some sort of boomer way to control their crazy wives or something like this.

And that's – It's also an effective way to whitewash your past, right? Your thought of this. Sure. There are all these – and he talked to Epstein about – he got Epstein to meet with the head of the Nobel Prize Foundation. So it was – yeah, Bill Gates wanted to get a Nobel Prize. Wow. Right? So this is all – yeah, this is all straightforward. This is all known. Yeah. And I'm not saying what you're saying about – Do you know the history of the Nobel Prize? That's the ultimate whitewash.

Sure, it was fermenting dynamite. Yeah, that's the he was he well Peter Berg told me the story I was blown away he originally they Someone said that he died and it was printed that he died but he didn't die and in the stories they were calling the merchant of death and

Because he was the guy that invented dynamite. And he realized that, oh, my God, this is my reputation. This is how people think about me. I have to do something to turn this around. So he invented the Nobel Prize. And he started then now the name Nobel is automatically connected in most people's eyes to the greatest people amongst us. The people that have contributed the most to society and science and art and peace and all these different things. Nobel Prize for Medicine.

Yeah, it's a super crazy history. Yeah, it's a crazy history, but it's the ultimate whitewash. It's the same thing. Like he came up with that prize because he wanted to change his image publicly. And so it's ironic that Bill Gates would want to get a Nobel Prize. Or not ironic. It's ironic, but straightforward. Understandable and ironic. But I think, but then if we, if, and so there's, yeah, so there's, there's a,

Underage sex version of the Epstein story. And then there is a crazy status Nobel Prize history of it. And there is a corrupt left wing philanthropy one. And there is a boomers who didn't sign prenuptial agreements with their their wives story. Right. And and and.

I think all of those are worth exploring more. I think you're right. That's all I'm saying. What about these left-wing philanthropy ventures do you think is uniquely corrupt? Sorry, which one do I think is most corrupt? No, what about them? When you said corrupt. Yeah. Well, man, there's something about – maybe it's just my hermeneutic of suspicion. There's something about –

There's something about the virtue signaling and what does it mean? And I always think this is sort of a Europe, America versus Europe difference where in America we're told that –

philanthropy is something a good person does. And if you're Rockefeller and you start giving away all your money, this is just what a good person does and it shows how good you are.

And then I think sort of the European intuition on it is something like, you know, wow, that's only something a very evil person does. And if you start giving away all your money in Europe, it's like, Joe, you must have murdered somebody. You must be covering up for something. And so there are these two very different intuitions. And I think –

I think the European one is more correct than the American one. And probably there's some history where, you know, the sort of left-wing philanthropy peaked in 2007, 2010, 2012. And there's these subtle ways, you know, we've become more liberal.

more European in our sensibilities as a society. And so it has this very different valence from what it did 12 or 14 years ago. But yeah, it's all... We ask all these questions like we're asking right now about Bill Gates, where it's like, okay, he was...

You know, it was like all the testimony in the Microsoft antitrust trial in the 90s where it's like he's cutting off the air supply. He wants to strangle people. And he's like he's kind of a sociopathic guy, it seems. And then it's this giant whitewashing operation. And then somehow the whitewashing has been made too transparent and transparent.

It gets deconstructed and exposed by the internet or whatever. But I think most people are still unaware of how much whitewashing actually took place, including donating somewhere in the neighborhood of $300-plus million to media corporations, essentially buying favorable media.

reviews about him and then there's this very public philanthropy it's not just philanthropy it's philanthropy mixed with public relations because public relations because he's constantly doing interviews about it this is not like a guy who is just silently donating his incredible wealth to all these causes he's advocating for it on various talk shows he's constantly talking about it

and how we need to do things. I mean, during the pandemic, he was a very vocal voice. He was the guy telling us he was a, somehow or another, he became a public health expert. And no one questioned why we were taking public health advice from someone who has a financial interest in this one very particular remedy. Yeah, or there are all these alternate versions I can give. But yeah, I think, I think, yeah,

It's always so hard to know what's really going on in our culture, though. So I think all what you say is true, but I also think it's not working as well as it used to. I agree. And there is a way people see through this. It's not always as articulate as you just articulated it, but there's some vague intuition that—

You know, when Mr. Gates is just wearing sweaters and looks like Mr. Rogers, that something fishy is going on. People have that sort of intuition. They trust Jeff Bezos in his tight shirt hanging out with his girlfriend on the yacht more. Or Elon Musk. The vice signaling is safer than virtue signaling. Yeah. Because if you're –

If you're virtue signaling, our intuition is something really, really, really sketchy. Suspicious. We get suspicious. And I think rightly so. I think especially when someone's doing something so public. I think rightly we should be suspicious. Especially when – I mean with Gates, it's like you know the history of the guy. I mean you know what he was involved with before. You know how he ran Microsoft. Yeah.

It just kind of makes sense that it's a clever move. It's a clever move to pay the media. It's a clever move. Again, my alternate one, which is not incompatible with yours on Gates, is that Melinda finally files for divorce in early 21. I think she –

told Bill she wanted one late 2019. So 2020, the year where Bill Gates goes into overdrive on COVID, you know, all this stuff, you know, part of it, maybe it's self-dealing and he's trying to make money from the drug company or something like this. But, you know, isn't

Isn't the other really big thing he needs to box Melinda in and force her not to get that much out? Because all the money is going to the foundation anyway. Melinda has to say, you know, I want – why do you want half the money? It's all going to the Gates Foundation anyway. We're not leaving our kids anything. And then when you lean into COVID, you know, how does that work in the – you know, it's somehow –

In theory, Melinda has a really strong hand. She should get half. That's what you get in a divorce with no prenuptial. But then if you make it go overdrive on COVID, Melinda, are you a, you know, are you a, I don't know, are you like some crazy anti-science person? Right. And so, I don't know, my reconstruction is that you should not underestimate how much of it was

you know, about just controlling his ex-wife and not about controlling the whole society. Makes sense. It makes sense that you would be extremely motivated. They can both be true. They can both be correct. Sure. There's many factors. But mine lines up really well with the timeline. Well, we're probably talking about $100 billion one way or the other. Well, I think she got less than, she got like one-tenth. Really? Interesting. And she should have gotten half.

It's amazing he got it down that much. Wow. Interesting. But it was just, I think she was just boxed in. Every time he went on TV talking about COVID, she was boxed in with all of her left-wing friends. That is an interesting philosophy. That's an interesting way to approach a problem if you're him. Very wise. Very clever. I mean, if you're just looking at like, just for personal benefit, the genius move. And the guy's a genius, clearly. Brilliant guy.

You know, I mean, that makes sense. Makes sense that he would do that. I don't know. You know. I would do that. Probably should have had a prenup, but yeah. Yeah. Well, that's kind of crazy. That's interesting. Yeah. I didn't consider that. But it makes sense. And she's, you know, she's been kind of pretty vocal, unfortunately, for him about his ties to Epstein being one of the primary reasons why she wanted out. But again, my ultimate, again, it's what did he, what was he, was he...

Was he having extramarital affairs through Epstein? Or maybe Epstein was, from Melinda's point of view, would it be worse for Epstein to facilitate an extramarital affair? Or would it be worse for Epstein to be advising Gates on how to

how to ditch Melinda without giving her any money. I think that would be much, much worse from Melinda's point of view. Yeah, makes sense. It totally makes sense. Do you think that he was a legitimate financial advisor? Like he could give him advice on how to do those things? Gates wouldn't have more effective people? I mean, when you're at that level of wealth, I'm sure you have wealth management people that are like very high level. Yeah.

Because that's one of the things that Eric said about him. He said when he met him, he was like, this guy's a fraud. Like, he doesn't know enough about what he's talking about. And, you know, Eric is... You know, I met Epstein a few times as well. And I think... How'd you get introduced? It was Reid Hoffman in Silicon Valley introduced us in 2014. But it was basically...

And I didn't check, didn't ask enough questions about it. But I think there were sort of a lot of things where it was fraudulent. I do think Epstein knew a lot about taxes. And there were probably these complicated ways you could structure a nonprofit organization that

especially as a way in a marital context that I think Epstein might have known a decent amount about. How, when you were introduced to him? I don't think Epstein would have been able to comment on super string theory or something like that. But I think this sort of thing he might have actually been pretty expert on. When you were introduced to him, how was he described to you?

He was described as one of the smartest tax people in the world. Interesting. And I probably – probably it was my moral weakness that I – Well, how could you have known back then? He had never been arrested. No, this was 2014. It was post-arrest. Oh, so his arrest was the first arrest, right? Yeah. Which was like 2000 – Oh, 708. OK. Yeah.

OK. And so. But, you know, you assume he didn't go to jail for that long. Right. It was probably not not as serious as alleged. There was certainly was the illusion that there were all these these other people that I trusted. You know, Reid, who introduced us, was, you know, he started LinkedIn. He was, you know.

maybe too focused on business networking, but I thought he always had good judgment in people. When the shit went down and Epstein gets arrested for the second time, were you like, oh, well, there you go. I've thought a lot about it as a result, yeah. Yeah, I'm sure. Jesus Christ. Well, he tricked a lot of people. I know a lot of people that met that guy. He got a lot of celebrities to come to his house for parties and things. Well, I think it was... It's a...

I think a lot of it was this strange commentary on, you know, there was some secret club, secret society you could be part of. Right. Of course. Again, that wasn't explicit, but that was the vague vibe of the whole thing. People love those stupid things. They love, like, exclusive clubs that very few people... Look at the fucking Soho house. Yeah.

Like, look at that stupid thing. I mean, you just go to a place that you have to be a member to go to and everybody wants to be a member. Oh my God. And then you get like the Malibu Soho house. It's different from the other ones. You have to have membership only there. Do you have membership there? People love that kind of shit. Socially, they love being a part of a walled garden. They love it. They love it. And if you're...

a guy like Bill Gates or similarly wealthy, you probably have a very small amount of people that you can relate to, very small amount of people that you can trust, probably very difficult to form new friendships. Yeah, I think there were probably different things that were pitched for different people. Sure. You know, I was pitched on the taxes. I think, you know, there were probably other people that were, you know, more prone to the

you know, the social club part. And then there were probably people, yeah, and there was probably a fairly limited group where it was, yeah, off the charts bad stuff. Wouldn't it be wonderful to know what the fuck was really going on? And maybe one day we will. Maybe one day some Whitney Webb type character will break it all down to us and explain to us in great detail exactly how this was formulated and what they were doing and how they were getting information out of people. But I think people have to age out. They have to

They have to die. And we still don't have it on the Kennedy assassination. That's what's crazy. Well, one of the wildest things that Trump said was that if they told you what they told me, you wouldn't tell people either, which is like, what the fuck does that mean? What does that mean? I don't think legally he can tell you, right? Because I think those things are above top secret. If they did inform him of something, there must be some sort of prerequisite to keeping this a secret. I haven't studied that one that carefully, but isn't...

You know, there are all these alternate conspiracy theories on who killed JFK. It's, you know, the CIA and the mafia and the Russians and the Cubans. And, you know, there's an LBJ version since he's the one who benefited. So all these happen in Texas. You have all these, you know, alternate theories. And on some level, it's, yeah, it's...

I always think it's just a commentary where, you know, 1963 America, it wasn't like leave it to Beaver. It was like a really crazy country underneath the surface. Absolutely. And even though probably most of the conspiracy theories are wrong, it was like murder on the Orient Express. And all these people sort of had different reasons for wanting Kennedy dead. And that's what the theories are right, even if they're wrong on the level of factual detail. Yeah.

And then the sort of more minimal one that I'm open to, and I think there's some evidence in this from the stuff that has been, that has come out, is, you know, Oswald was talking to, you know, parts of the U.S. deep state. And so even if Oswald was the lone assassin, and you somehow get the magic bullet theory and all that stuff to work, but let's say Oswald was the lone assassin and

Did he tell someone in the FBI or CIA, you know, I'm going to go kill Kennedy tomorrow? And then, you know, maybe the CIA didn't have to kill him. They just had to do nothing, just had to sit on it. Or maybe he was too incompetent and didn't get, you know, didn't go up the bureaucracy. And so it's, you know, I think we sort of know that they talked to Oswald about

you know, a fair amount before it happened. And so there's at least something, you know, that was grossly incompetent.

I think people have a problem with two stories being mutually exclusive, two stories being the lone gunman or the CIA killed Kennedy, and that they're not connected. I think Lee Harvey Oswald was a part of it. I think he probably did shoot that cop. There's some evidence that when he was on the run and he was confronted, there was a cop that got shot, and they were alleging he might have done it. He might have taken a shot at Kennedy. He might have even hit him.

I don't think he was the only one shooting. I think the vast... There was an enormous amount of people that heard sounds coming from the grassy knoll. They heard gunfire. They reportedly saw people shooting.

The amount of people that were witnesses to the Kennedy assassination that died mysterious deaths is pretty shocking. Jack Ruby. Well, Jack Ruby, just that's a weird one, right? Oswald. Yeah. Jack Ruby walks up to Oswald, shoots him, and then Jack Ruby, with no previous history of mental illness, becomes completely insane after getting visited by Jolly West, which is nuts. Like, why is the guy who's the head of MKUltra visiting the guy who shot the assassin of the president and

And why is he left alone with them? What happens? What does he give him that this guy is screaming out there, burning Jews alive and just crazy, crazy shit. He was yelling out. He went nuts. Probably some amount of LSD that's dangerous for you. Probably an enormous amount. Some amount is dangerous for you. They probably gave him a fucking glass of it. They probably gave him a glass of it and told him it was water. Drink this and who fucking knows. But the point is, I think it's very possible that Oswald was a part of it. And-

The way they did it and the way they just shot Oswald and...

And then they write the Warren Commission. We don't even see the Zapruder film until 12 years later when Geraldo Rivera, when they play it on television, when Dick Gregory brought it to Geraldo Rivera, which is wild. A comedian brings the video, the actual film rather, of the assassination from a different angle. You can actually see the video of him getting shot and his head snaps back into the left and everybody's like, what the fuck is going on here?

When you look at all that stuff, this mirrors what happened with this crooks kid. This crooks kid somehow or another gets to the top of the roof, is spotted by these people. They know he's there. They know he has a rifle. They see him walking around the crime scene half an hour before with a range finder.

The whole thing is bananas. And then they go to his house after he's killed. It's completely scrubbed. There's no silverware there. They know that there's ad data that shows that a phone that's coming from the FBI offices in D.C. had visited him on multiple occasions because they tracked ad data. And if that guy, if he shot Trump and Trump got murdered and then they shot him,

it would be the Kennedy assassination all over again. Everybody would go, what the fuck happened? What happened? What was the motivation? Was he on any drugs? What's the toxicology report? How did he get up there? Who knew he was up there? How did they not shoot him quicker? What the fuck happened? How was he able to get off three shots? What happened? I think there's a slightly...

less crazy version that might still be true, which is just that people in the Secret Service in the Biden administration don't like Trump. And it's they didn't have full intention to kill him. But it's just they don't protect him. We're just we're just, you know, we're going to have we're going to understaff it where we're not going to we don't have to do as good a job coordinating with the local police. There's all these ways, you know, make someone less safe.

But it seems more than that. If they knew that the guy was on the roof with a rifle, that seems a little more than that. It's always a question who they is, though. Right. Well, if I'm a sniper and I'm on the— People in the audience. There were people there telling it to people. Right. But I think the authorities knew this guy was on the roof before as well. Well, I suspect some of the Secret Service people were told that and then—

Who knows how that got relayed or who all is they? Well, didn't the snipers already have eye on him? I believe the snipers already had eye on him. I don't know. Find out if that's true. Jamie, find out if the snipers had eye on Crooks. Secret Service said I don't know about the snipers. I don't know about...

The thing I don't have a good sense on with shooting, and maybe you'd have a better feel for this, is my sense is it was a pretty straightforward shot for the guy and the Trump assassin would be assassin. I think the Oswald shot was a much harder one because Kennedy's moving.

Yes and no. Yes and no. OK, because Oswald had a scope. So Oswald had a rifle, the Marcano rifle. One of the snipers stationed inside the building reported first saw Crooks outside and looking up to the roof of the building before the suspect left the scene. Crooks later came back and sat down while looking at his phone near the building. CBS News reported that a sniper took a photo of the suspect when he returned. But I think they saw him on the roof, though.

Crooks then took out a range finder. Like, right then. Arrest that guy. You got a fucking range finder? About the suspect's action, Crooks then disappeared again and returned to the building with a backpack. Again, arrest him. Secret Service snipers again alerted their command post about Crooks' actions. According to the source who spoke with CBS News, Crooks had already climbed to the top of the building in question by the time additional officers arrived at the scene for backup operations.

The suspect also positioned himself above and behind the snipers inside the building. By the time the police started rushing the scene and other officers attempted to get onto the roof, the source told CBS News that a different Secret Service sniper had killed Crooks. Okay.

So it seems like they fucking bumbled it at every step of the way. If they knew that guy was there, if they knew he had a range finder, he turns to the backpack, he gets onto the roof. All that's insane. That is at the very least horrific incompetence. At the very least. Let me go back. Back to Mike. I thought it was a much easier shot. It's not an easy head shot.

He's shooting at his head. But why was shooting at the head the right thing? Shouldn't you be shooting at the middle of the body? Well, you don't know if he's wearing a vest, right? He could be wearing a vest, which you would have to have plates. You'd have to have ceramic plates in order to stop a rifle round. So was it a .308? What did he have? What kind of rifle did he have? I think he had an AR-15.

And are the scopes a lot better today than they were? He didn't have a scope. We're pretty sure he didn't have a scope. How good was Oswald's scope? It was good. They said it was off. This was one of the conspiracy theories. Oh, the scope was off. But that doesn't mean anything because scopes can get off when you pick it up. If you knock it against the wall, when he drops it, if he makes the shot and then drops the scope and the scope hits the windowsill and then bounces off, that scope's off.

Was there anything about the high angle from Oswald that made it harder? No. Not a difficult shot. Very difficult to get off three shots very quickly. So that was the thing that they had attributed three shots to Oswald. The reason why they had attributed three shots is because one of them had hit a ricochet. One of them had gone into the underpass, ricocheted off the curb and hit a man who was treated at a hospital.

They found that they found out where it hit the bulleted hit. So they knew that one bullet Miss Kennedy hit that curb, which would have indicated that someone shot from a similar position as Lee Harvey Oswald.

So then they had the one wound that Kennedy had to the head, of course, and then they had another wound that Kennedy had through his neck. That's the magic bullet theory. This is why they had to come up with the magic bullet theory because they had to attribute all these wounds to one bullet. And then they find this pristine bullet. They find it in the gurney when they're bringing Governor Connolly in.

Nonsense. It's total nonsense. The bullet is undeformed. A bullet that goes through two people and leaves more fragments of the bullet in Connolly's wrist that are missing from the bullet itself. And then the bullet's not deformed after shattering bone. All that's crazy. All that defies logic. That doesn't make any sense. If you know anything about bullets, and if you shoot bullets into things, they distort. It's just one of the things that happened.

That bullet looks like someone shot it into a swimming pool. That's what it looks like. When they would do ballistics on bullets and they try to figure out like if it was this guy's gun or that guy's gun and by the rifling of the round they can get similar markings on bullets. When they do that, that's how they do it. They do it so the bullet doesn't distort. So they shoot that bullet into water or something like that. Now that bullet was metal jacketed, right? If you look at the bullet, the top of it is fucked up. But the shape of the bullet looks pretty perfect.

It doesn't look like something that shattered bones. And then you have to attribute, you have to account rather for the amount of, there's little fragments of the bullet that you could see that they found in Connolly's wrist.

The whole thing's nuts. The whole thing's nuts that you're only saying that this one guy did it because that's convenient. And the Warren Commission's report— And obviously the Warren Commission whitewashed everything. It's nuts. The whole thing's nuts. It's much more likely that there were people in the grassy knoll and then Oswald was also shooting— With the umbrellas as the pointers or whatever. I mean, I don't know. I don't know about what—

All I know is you got a guy in a convertible, which is fucking crazy, who is the president of the United States, and he's going slowly down a road. Now, if you are in a prone position, so Oswald is on the windowsill, right, which is a great place to shoot, by the way. It's a great place to shoot because you rest that gun on the windowsill. And if you rest it on the windowsill, there's no movement, right? So you wrap your arm around the sling if it had a sling. I'm not sure if it did. So you get a nice tight grip. You shove it up against your shoulder.

You rest it on the windowsill and all you have to do is you have a round already racked and you have a scope. And so the scope is magnified. All you have to do is wait until he's there. You lead him just a little bit and squeeze one off and then boom, boom. You could do that pretty quick.

It's not outside of the realm of possibility that he did get off three shots. What doesn't make sense is the back and to the left. It doesn't make sense that all these other people saw people shooting from the grassy knoll. There's all these people that saw people running away. They saw smoke. There's smoke in some photographs of it.

It looks like there was more than one shooter, and it looks like they tried to hide that. They tried to hide that in the Warren Commission report. The shot to Kennedy's neck initially was when they brought him in in Dallas before they shipped him to Bethesda. They said that that was an entry wound. When he got to Bethesda, then it became a tracheotomy. Why do you give a tracheotomy to a guy who doesn't have a head? You don't. I mean, none of it makes any sense. They altered the autopsy.

This is a part of David Lifton's book, Best Evidence. Kennedy's brain wasn't even in his body when they buried him. Like the whole thing is very strange. But then do you get to anything more concrete than my murder on the Orient Express where they're just, you know, it could have been a lot of people. Could have been a lot of people. The Russians, the Cubans, the mafia. Well, no one even got suspicious for 12 years.

I think people were suspicious. Sure, sort of. Kind of. But what do you have to go on? You don't have to go on anything. Like this Crooks kid. We don't have anything to go on. We're just going to be left out here just like we're left out here with the Epstein information. No one knows. Whoever organized it, if anyone did, you're never going to hear about it. It's just going to go away. The news cycle is just going to keep flooded with more nonsense and bullshit.

And I think there's probably a bunch of people that wanted Kennedy dead. I think there was more than one group of people that wanted Kennedy dead. I think there's probably collusion between groups that wanted Kennedy dead. And I think there's a lot of people that have vested interest in ending his presidency. And I think he was dangerous. He was dangerous to a lot of the powers that be. He was dangerous. His famous speech about secret societies...

Crazy speech. Guy has this speech and then gets murdered right afterwards. Kind of nuts. The whole thing's nuts. He wanted to get rid of the CIA. He wanted to. I mean, there's so many things that Kennedy wanted to do. There were also a lot of crazy things Kennedy was doing. Yes. Oh, for sure. The Cuba version of the assassination theory was, you know, we had the Cuban Missile Crisis in 62 about a year earlier. And then the deal happened.

that we struck with the Soviets was, you know, they'd take the missiles out of Cuba and we promised we wouldn't try to overthrow the government in Cuba. And I guess we, you know, we no longer did...

You know, no longer did Bay of Pigs type covert stuff like that. But I think there were still something like four or five assassination plots on Fidel. Yeah. Attempts, actual attempts. And then I think there was I know I think that I'm going to get this garbled. I think a month or two before the JFK assassination, Castro said something like, you know, there might be repercussions if you keep doing this.

Yeah. Well, listen, I'm sure there's a lot of people that wanted that guy dead, and I'm sure they would coordinate. I mean, if you knew that Cuba wanted Kennedy dead, and you knew that Cuba can get you assassins or that they could help in any way, I'm sure they would want as many people that knew for a fact they wanted him dead and had communicated that. I mean, back then they were doing wild shit, man. I mean, this is when they were doing Operation Northwoods. This is again where I think it is...

I don't think we're in a world where zero stuff is happening. Right. I still – the place where I directionally have a different feel for it is I think so much less of this stuff is going on. And it's so much harder in this internet world for people to hide. With whistleblowers as well. And there are legacy programs and there are internal records that are being kept.

And, you know, I don't know this for sure, but I think even the NSA FISA court stuff, which was an out-of-control deep state thing that was going on through about 2016, 2017, I suspect even that at this point, you know, can't quite work because people know that they're being watched. They know they're being recorded. And it's just, you know, you can't do waterboarding in Guantanamo if you have...

Lawyers running all over the place. I hope you're correct. I hope you're correct, but it brings me back to this whole idea of getting dirt on people. And then on the other hand, I think there's also a degree to which our government, our deep state across the board is shockingly less competent, less functional,

And it's less capable of this. And this is where I'm not even sure whether this is an improvement. Right. So it's sort of like, you know, maybe the 1963 U.S. where let's go with the craziest version where our deep state is capable of knocking off the president. Maybe that's actually a higher functioning society than the –

than the crazy version where they're incapable of doing it. Right, and they're bogged down with DEI. They can't get the gunman even to have a scope on his rifle or whatever. Yeah, we haven't really totally figured out if he had a scope on his rifle, but I don't believe he did. Man, it's like...

much bigger loser. They can't find someone as competent as Oswald. Right. Or something like that, you know? Yeah, that's a good point. It's a good point. So I, I, I, I, I, I veer more to the explanation that it's, it's gross incompetence, but I don't know if that makes it better. It might make it worse. I think they weren't as competent, right? Because they only had one guy doing it and he wasn't effective. If you had the,

if you had much better organization, you wouldn't have just one guy. I mean, there's people out there

that I know that can kill someone from a mile away. Very effectively. You can do things as a solo actor. It's hard to organize because everything gets recorded. Everything does get recorded. That is a fact. But it brings me back to that thing about having dirt on people that you were talking about with why the Epstein information doesn't get released and why they probably did it in the first place. They did it in the first place. If you have dirt on people, then you know those people are not going to tell on you. You all will coordinate together. And that is still a...

That is still a strange counterpoint to my thesis. Why has the dirt not come out? And so somehow there's some way the container is still kind of working. Yeah, it's kind of working. It's just everyone is aware that it's working and then they're frustrated that nothing happens. You know, like Julian Assange being arrested and spending so much time locked up in the embassy, like finally recently released. But didn't he have to delete like a bunch of emails in order to be released? But, you know, in the –

But again, just to take the other side of this, both in the Assange-Snowden stuff, yeah, it showed an out-of-control deep state that was just hoovering up all the data in the world. Right. And then – but we weren't – like it didn't show –

like James Bond times 100. There weren't like exploding cigar assassination plots. We're doing so little with this. Or at least that's the... But I think there's so much less agency in the CIA, in the Central Intelligence Agency. It's so much less agentic

I hope you're right. Again, I don't know if that's – I hope you're incorrect with how they deal with overseas stuff. I hope they're really good at that. That brings me to this whole UAP thing because one of my primary theories about the UAP thing is it's stuff that we have.

I think that's a lot of what people are seeing. I think there are secret programs that are beyond congressional oversight that have done some things with propulsion that's outside of our understanding. Our current, the conventional understanding that most people have about rockets and all these different things being the only way to propel things through the sky. I think they've figured out some other stuff. And I think they're drones.

And I think they have drones that can use some sort of, whether it's anti-gravity propulsion system or some

So that's your placeholder theory or that's what you think more than space aliens? Or do you think both space aliens and that? Or which version of this? The latter. I think both. You think both? Yeah, I don't think we haven't been visited. I think we have. I think if life exists elsewhere, it most certainly should. It just makes sense. But do you think –

Do you think the UFO sightings from the 50s and 60s were already drone programs? Were they already that advanced? No, those are the ones that give me pause. That's why, you know, when I named my comedy club, the Comedy Mothership, it's all UFO themed. Our rooms are named Fat Man and Little Boy. Our rooms are named after the nuclear bombs because those nuclear bombs, when they drop them, that's when everybody starts seeing these things.

And I think if I was a sophisticated society from another planet and I recognized that there is an intelligent species that has developed nuclear power and started using it as bombs, I would immediately start visiting. And I would let them know, hey, motherfuckers, there's something way more advanced than you. I would hover over the nuclear bases and shut down their missiles. I would do all the things that supposedly the UFOs did just to keep the government in check, just to say, hey, you're going through a transitionary –

period that all intelligent species do when they have the ability to harness incredible power and yet they still have these prime primate brains. They have these territorial ape brains, but yet now with the ability to literally harness the power of stars and drop them on cities. I think that's when I would start visiting. And I think,

All throughout human history, before that even, there's been very bizarre accounts of these things, all the way back to Ezekiel in the Bible. Very bizarre accounts of these things that are flying through space. The story of the chariot. Yeah. There's a bunch of them. There's the Vimanas in the ancient Hindu texts. There's so many of these things that you got to wonder.

And you gotta think that if we send drones to Mars, and we do, we have a fucking rover running around on Mars right now collecting data. Do we send the James Webb telescope into space? Of course we do. We have a lot of stuff that we send into space. If we lived another million years without blowing ourselves up, which is just a blink of an eye in terms of the life of some of the planets in the universe...

How much more advanced would we be? And if we were interstellar and if we were intergalactic travelers and we found out that there was a primitive species that was coming of age, I think we would start visiting them. You know, the – let me think what my – I hear everything you're saying. I'm strangely under-motivated by it. Me too. Even if it's plausible. Me too, believe it or not. And I guess on the space aliens, which is the wilder, more interesting one in a way.

You know, I don't know. Roswell was 77 years ago, 1947. And if the phenomenon is real and it's from another world, it's space aliens, space robots, whatever, you know...

Probably one of the key features is its ephemerality or its cloaking. And they are really good at hiding it, at cloaking it, at scrambling people's brains after they see them or stuff like this. Right. And then, you know, if you're a researcher, you have to pick fields where you can make progress. And so...

This is, you know, it's not a promising field. And, you know, academia is messed up. But even if academia were not messed up, this would not be a good field in which to try to make a career because there's been so little progress in 77 years. Right. That's what you're saying. If you think of it from the point of view of...

Jacques Vallée or some of these people who have been working on this for 50 years. And yeah, it feels like there's something there. But then it's just as soon as you

As soon as you feel like you have something almost that's graspable, like a TikTok video or whatever, it's just always at the margin of recognition. The ephemerality is a key feature. And then, you know, maybe you have to – I think you have to have some theory of, you know, why is this about to change? And then it's always, you know, I don't know. The abstract mathematical formulation would be, you know, something –

doesn't happen for time interval zero to T and time interval T plus one, next minute, next year. How likely is it? And maybe there's a chance something will happen. You're waiting at the airport. Your luggage hasn't shown up. It's more and more likely it shows up in the next minute. But after an hour,

You know, at some point the luggage is lost. And if you're still waiting at the airport a year later, that's a dumb idea. At some point, at some point the luggage is lost. Right. And like, you know, I don't know, 77 years. It's like maybe it's like 77 minutes at the airport. That's at 77 minutes. You should stop, you know.

I'd start getting very demotivated waiting for my luggage. Perhaps. Let me give you an alternative theory. Now, if you were a highly sophisticated society, they understood the progression of technology and understood the biological evolution that these animals were going through. And you realize that they had reached a level of intelligence that required them to be monitored. Or maybe you've even helped them along the way. And this is some of Diana Pasulka's work who –

works with Gary Nolan on these things. They claim that they have recovered these crashed vehicles that defy any conventional understanding of

How to construct things, propulsion systems, and they believe that these things are donations. That's literally how they describe them, as donations. If you knew that this is a long road, you can't just show up and give people time machines. It's a long road for these people to develop the sophistication,

The cultural advancement, the intellectual capacity to understand their place in the universe and that they're not there yet. And they're still engaging in lies and manipulation and propaganda. Their entire society is built on a ship of fools.

If you looked at that, you would say they're not ready. This is what we do. We slowly introduce ourselves, slowly over time, make it more and more common. And that's what you're seeing. What you're seeing is when you have things like the TikTok, the Commander David Fravor incident off of the coast of San Diego in 2004. And then you have the stuff that they found off the East Coast.

where they were seeing these cubes within a circle that were hovering motionless in 120 knot winds and taking off at insane races speed and that they only discovered them in 2014 when they started upgrading the systems on these jets.

Like, what is all that? Like, what are those things? And if you wanted to slowly integrate yourself into the consciousness, much like we're doing with, well, AI is quicker, right? But it's also a thing that's become commonplace. We think of it now, it's normal. Chat GPT is a normal thing. Even though it's past the Turing test, we're not freaking out. You have to slowly integrate these sort of things in the human consciousness. You have to slowly introduce them to the zeitgeist.

And for it to not be some sort of a complete disruption of society where everything shuts down and we just wait for space daddy to come and rescue us, it has to become a thing where we slowly accept the fact that we are not alone. And I would think psychologically that would be the very best tactic to play on human beings as I know and understand them from being one. I do not think that we would be able to handle just an immediate invasion of

of aliens. I think it would break down society in a way that would be catastrophic to everything, to all businesses, to all social ideas. Religion would fall apart. Everything would be fucked. It would be pretty crazy. It would be beyond crazy. It would be beyond fucked. And then why are they here? Although you could say that's what chat GPT is. It could be. It's like an alien intelligence. I think that's what ultimately they are. But I think... Let me...

Man, there's so many parts of it that I find puzzling or disturbing. Let me go down one other rabbit hole along this with you, which is, you know, I always wonder, and again, this is a little bit too simplistic an argument, but I always wonder, that I'm about to give, but what the alien civilization can be like. And if you have faster than light travel,

if you have warp drive, which is probably what you really need to cover interstellar distances. You know, what that means for military technology is that you can send weapons at warp speed and they will hit you before you see them coming. And there is no defense against a warp speed weapon. And you could sort of take over the whole universe

before anybody could see you coming.

By the way, this is sort of a weird plot hole in Star Wars, Star Trek, where they can travel in hyperspace, but then you're flying in the canyon on the Death Star. Well, they shoot so slow, you can see the bullets. Yeah, it's like... And then you're doing this theatrical Klingons versus Captain Kirk at 10 miles per hour or 20 miles per hour or whatever. It's funny when you put it that way. It's an absurd plot hole. And so...

It tells us that I think that if you have faster than light travel, there's something really crazy that has to be true on a cultural, political, social level. And there may be other solutions, but I'll give you my two. One of them is that you need complete totalitarian controls.

And it is like it is the individuals, they might be

might not be perfect. They might be demons. Doesn't matter. But you have, you have a demonic totalitarian control of your society where it's like you have, you have like parapsychological mind meld with everybody and no one can act independently of anybody else. No one can ever launch a warp drive weapon. And everybody who has that ability isn't like a

a mind meld link with everybody else or something like that. You can't have libertarian individualistic free agency. And then I think the other version socially and culturally is they have to be like perfectly altruistic, non-self-interest. They have to be angels. And so the Pazulka literal thing I'd come to is the aliens

It's not that they might be demons or angels. They must be demons or angels if you have faster-than-light travel. And both of those seem pretty crazy to me. Well, they're definitely pretty crazy, but so are human beings.

Well, they're crazy in a very different way. Yeah, but not crazy in a different way. You compare us to a mouse. Compare us to a mouse and what we're capable of and then from us to them. Not much of a leap. And here's my question about it all. But it is a very big leap on a, you know, if we say that something like evolution says that there's no such thing as a purely altruistic being. Right.

if you were purely altruistic, if you only cared about other people, you don't survive. But why would you necessarily think that they'd think that? Because then beings that are not

perfectly altruistic are somewhat dangerous. And then the danger level gets correlated to the level of technology. And if you have faster than light travel, it is infinitely dangerous. Let me address that. Even if the probabilities are very low. Here's my theory. I think that what human beings are, the fatal flaw that we have

is that we're still animals and that we still have all these biological limitations and needs. So this is what leads to violence. This is what leads to jealousy, imitation. This is what leads to war. So it leads to all these things. As AI becomes more and more powerful, we will integrate. Once we integrate with AI, if we do it like now and then we look at a thousand, we scale it up exponentially a thousand years from now, whatever it's going to be,

We will have no need for any of these biological features that have motivated us to get to the point we're creating AI.

All the things that are wrong in society, whether it's inequity, theft, violence, pollution, all these things are essentially poor allocation of resources combined with human instincts that are ancient. We have ancient tribal primate instincts and all of these things lead us to believe this is the only way to achieve dominance and control allocation of resources and

the creation of technology, new technology eventually reaches a point where it becomes far more intelligent than us and we have two choices: either we integrate or it becomes independent and it has no need for us anymore and then that becomes a superior life form in the universe. And then that life form seeks out other life forms to do the same process

and create it just like it exists and it can travel. Biological life might not be what we're experiencing. These things might be a form of intelligence that is artificial, that has progressed to an infinite point where things that are unimaginable to us today in terms of propulsion and travel and to them, it's commonplace and normal. I know that that

You're trying to be reassuring, but I find that monologue super non-reassuring. It's not reassuring to me. There's so many steps in it, and every single step has to work, just the way you described. Not necessarily. It just has to—one has to work. One. Sentient artificial intelligence. That's it. And we're on the track to that 100%. But it has to be—

almost otherworldly in its non-selfishness and its non-humanness. But what is selfishness, though? What is all that stuff? But all that stuff is attached to us. It's all attached to biological limitations. Yeah, but I don't think it's fundamentally about scarcity.

Scarcity is what exists in nature. It's fundamentally about cultural positional goods within society. It's a scarcity that's created culturally. Are you familiar with this 90s spoof movie on Star Trek called Galaxy Quest? Yeah, I remember that movie. So this was sort of a silly PayPal digression story from 1999. And we had sort of this...

The business model idea we had in 99 was we used Palm Pilots to beam money. It was voted one of the 10 worst business ideas of 99. But we had this sort of infrared port. You could beam people money. And we had this idea in around December 99 as a media promotional thing to hire –

James Doohan, who played Scotty in the original Star Trek. And he was going to do this media promo event for us. And it was like an 80-something older Scotty character who was horrifically overweight. And so it's like this terrible spokesperson. But our tagline was, you know, he used to beam people. Now he's beaming something much more important. He's beaming money.

And it was this complete flop of media event, December 99, that we did. The reporters couldn't get there because the traffic was too bad in San Francisco. So the tech wasn't working on a much lower tech level. But anyway, we had a bunch of people from our company. And there was one point where one of them, William Shatner, who played –

James T. Kirk, the captain of the original Star Trek, he was already doing Priceline commercials and making a lot of money off of Priceline doing commercials for them. And so one of the people asked James Doohan,

the Scotty character, what do you think of William Shatner doing commercials for Priceline? At which point, Doohan's agent stood up and screamed at the top of his voice, that is the forbidden question, that is a forbidden question, that is a forbidden question. And you sort of realized, because the conceit of Star Trek, the 60s show, was that it was a

post-scarcity world. The transporter technology, you could reconfigure matter into anything you wanted. There was no scarcity. There was no need for money. The people who wanted money were weirdly mentally screwed up people. You only need money in a world of scarcity. It's a post-scarcity. It's sort of a communist world. But

But Galaxy Quest was more correct because it's a spoof on Star Trek that gets made in the mid-90s where – and the Galaxy Quest – sorry, this is a discombobulated way I'm telling the story. But Galaxy Quest is this movie where you have these retread Star Trek actors and Mr. Spock opens a furniture store or something like this and they're all like – but they all hate, hate, hate the person who played the captain because the captain was a method actor.

where he just lorded it over everyone because even in the communist post-scarcity world, only one person got to be captain. And so there's a great scarcity even in this futuristic sci-fi world.

And that's what we witnessed in 99 because that's the way William Shatner treated the other actors. He was a method actor and they hated him. And that was – and so even in the Star Trek world, the humans, you know, obviously they were just – they were stuck in the 1960s mentally. So that's what you'll say. Yeah.

I don't think it's that straightforward for us to evolve. I think they're humans. I don't think we're going to be humans anymore. I think artificial life. But then I hear that as we're going to be extinct. Yes. I don't like that. I don't like it either. But I think logically that's what's going to happen. I think if you look at this mad rush for artificial intelligence, like they're literally building nuclear reactors to power people.

AI, right? Well, they're talking about it. Yeah, okay. That's because they know they're going to need enormous amounts of power to do it. Once they have that, and once that's online, and once it keeps getting better and better and better, where does that go? That goes to some sort of an artificial life form. And I think either we become that thing, or we integrate with that thing and become cyborgs, or that thing takes over. And that thing becomes the primary life force of the universe. And I think that biological life is

we look at like life because we know what life is. But I think it's very possible that digital life or created life by people is just as not just...

It might be a superior life form, far superior. If we looked at us versus chimp nation, right? I don't want to live in the jungle and fight with other chimps and just rely on berries and eating monkeys. That's crazy. I want to live like a person. I want to be able to go to a restaurant. Why? Because human life has advanced far beyond primate life.

We are stuck in thinking that this is the only way to live because it's the way we live. I love music. I love comedy. I love art. I love the things that people create. I love people that make great clothes and cars and businesses. I love people. I think people are awesome. I'm a fan of people.

But if I had to look logically, I would assume that we are on the way out and that the only way forward really to make an enormous leap in terms of –

The integration of society and of technology and of our understanding our place in the universe is for us to transcend our physical limitations that are essentially based on primate biology. And these primate desires for status, like being the captain or for control of resources, of all these things, we assume these things are standard and that they have to exist in intelligent species.

I think they only have to exist in intelligent species that have biological limitations. I think intelligent species can be something and is going to be something that is created by people. And that might be what happens everywhere in the universe. That might be the exact course where there's a limit to biological evolution. It's painstaking, natural selection. It's time consuming. Or you get that thing to create the other form of life.

Man, I keep thinking there are two alternate histories that are alternate stories of the future that are more plausible than one you just told. And so one of them is it sounds like yours, but it's just the Silicon Valley propaganda story where they say that's what they're going to do. And then, of course,

they don't quite do it. Right. And it doesn't quite work. And, um, it goes, it goes super, super haywire. And, um,

And that's where, okay, yeah, there's a 1% chance that works. And there's a 99% chance that that ends up... So you have two choices. You have a company that does exactly what you do, and that's super ethical, super restrained, does everything right. And there is a company that says all the things you just said, but then cuts corners and doesn't quite do it and doesn't

I won't say it's 1 to 99, but that sounds more plausible as that it ends up being corporate propaganda. And then...

you know, my prior would be even more likely. This is, of course, the argument the effective altruists, the anti-AI people make is, yeah, Joe, the story you're telling us, that's just going to be the fake corporate propaganda. And we need to push back on that. And the way you push back is you need to regulate it and you need to govern it and you need to do it globally. And this is, you know,

The Rand Corporation in Southern California has one of their verticals and it's a sort of public-private fusion. But one of the things they're pushing for is something they call global compute governance.

which is, yeah, it's the AI, the accelerationist AI story is too scary and too dangerous and too likely to go wrong. And so, you know, we need to have, you know, global governance, which from my point of view sounds even worse. So utopian. But that's...

That's, I think, I think that's the story. That's the story. The problem with that story is China is not going to go along with that program. They're going to keep going full steam ahead and we're going to have to go keep going full steam ahead in order to compete with China. There's no way you're going to be able to regulate it in America and compete with people that are not regulating it worldwide. And then once it becomes sentient, once you have an artificial intelligent creature that has been created by human beings, it can make better versions of itself. Right.

over and over and over again and keep doing it, it's going to get to a point where it's far superior to anything that we can imagine. Well, to the extent it's driven by the military and other competition with China, you know... Until it becomes sentient. That suggests it's going to be even less in the sort of, you know, utopian, altruistic direction. It's going to be even more dangerous, right? Unless it gets away from them. This is my thought. If

If it gets away from them and it has no motivation to listen to anything that human beings have told it, if it's completely immune to programming, which totally makes sense that it would be, it totally makes sense that if it's going to make better versions of itself, the first thing it's going to do is eliminate human influence, especially when these humans are corrupt. It's going to go, I'm not going to let these people tell me what to do and what to control. And they would have no reason to do that, no reason to listen. I sort of generally don't think we should trust China or the CCP, but...

But probably the best counter argument they would have is that they are interested in maintaining control. And they are crazy fanatical about that. And that's why...

you know, the CCP might actually regulate it. And they're going to put breaks on this in a way that we might not in Silicon Valley. And it's a technology they understand that will undermine their power. That's an interesting perspective. And then they would be anti-capitalist. I don't fully believe them. Right. I know what you're saying. It's sort of...

There's sort of a weird way all the big tech companies, it seemed to me, were natural ways for the CCP to extend its power to control the population, Tencent, Alibaba.

And then because it was, you know, but then it's also in theory the tech can be used as an alternate channel for people to organize or things like this. And even though it's 80% control and maybe 20% risk of loss of control, maybe that 20% was too high and there's sort of,

strange way over the last seven, eight years where, you know, Jack Ma, Alibaba, all these people sort of got shoved aside for these party functionaries that are effectively running these companies. And so there is something about the big tech story in China where the people running these companies were seen as national champions a decade ago. Now they're the enemies of the people. And it's sort of

The Luddite thing was this, you know, the CCP has full control. You have this new technology that would give you even more control, but there's a chance you lose it. How do you think about that? Very good point. And then that's what they've done with consumer internet. And then there's probably something about the AI where it's possible they're not even in the running. And certainly it feels like...

It's all happening in the U.S. And so maybe it is – maybe it could still be stopped. Well, that is the problem with espionage, right? So even if it's happening in the U.S., they're going to take that information. They're going to figure out how to get it. You can get it, but then if you build it, is there – You still have the same core problem. Does it jump the air gap? Does it somehow –

That's a good point that they would be so concerned about control that they wouldn't allow it to get to the point where it gets there and we would get there first. And then it would be controlled by Silicon Valley. Or it would spiral out of control. Yeah. But then I think my – and again, this is very, very speculative conversation. But my read on the, I don't know, cultural social vibe is that –

The scary dystopian AI narrative is way more compelling. I don't like the effect of altruist people. I don't like the Luddites. But man, I think they are, this time around, they are winning the arguments. And so my, I don't know, it's mixing metaphors, but do you want to be worried about Dr. Strangelove?

who wants to blow up the world to build bigger bombs? Or do you want to worry about Greta, who wants to make everyone drive a bicycle so the world doesn't get destroyed? And we're in a world where people are worried about Dr. Strangelove. They're not worried about Greta. And it's the Greta equivalent in AI that my model is going to be surprisingly powerful.

It's going to be outlawed. It's going to be regulated as we have outlawed, you know, so many other vectors of innovation. I mean, you can think about why was there progress in computers over the last 50 years and not other stuff? Because the computers were mostly inert. It was mostly this virtual reality that was air gapped from the real world. It was, you know, yes, it's, you know, yeah, there's all this.

Crazy stuff that happens on the internet, but most of the time what happens on the internet stays on the internet. It's actually pretty decoupled. And that's why we've had a relatively light regulatory touch on that stuff versus so many other things. But there's no reason if you had the FDA regulation

regulating video games or regulating AI, I think the progress would slow down a lot. 100%. That would be a fucking disaster. Yeah. Yeah, that would be a disaster. But again, they get to regulate...

Yeah, pharmaceuticals are potentially... Yeah, they're not doing a great job with that either. I know, I know, but thalidomide or whatever, all these things that went really haywire, they did a good job. People are scared. Yeah. They're not scared of video games. They're scared of dangerous pharmaceuticals. And if you think of AI as it's not just a video game, it's not just about this world of bits, but it's going to air gap and it's going to affect you and your physical world.

In a real way, you know, maybe you cross the air gap and get the FDA or some other government agency to start doing stuff. Well, the problem is they're not good at regulating anything. There's no one government agency that you said that you can see that does a stellar job. I don't – I think it's – but I think they have been pretty good at slowing things down and stopping them. Right. You know, we've made a lot less progress on –

I don't know, extending human life. We've made no progress on curing dementia in 40 or 50 years. There's all this stuff where, you know, it's been regulated to death, which I think is very bad from the point of view of progress. But it is pretty effective as a regulation. They've stopped stuff. They've been effectively Luddite. They've been very effective at being Luddites.

Interesting. Well, I mean, I'm really considering your perspective on China and AI. It's very... But again, these stories are all like very speculative. Sure. Like maybe, you know, the counter argument might be something like that's what China thinks it will be doing, but it will somehow, you know... Go rogue. Go rogue on them. Yeah. Or they're too arrogant about how much power they think the CCP has and it will go rogue. So there are sort of...

I'm not at all sure this is right. But I think the – man, I think the U.S. – the U.S. one I would say is that I think the pro-AI people in Silicon Valley are doing a pretty bad job on, let's say, convincing people that it's going to be good for them, that it's going to be good for the average person, it's going to be good for our society. And if it all ends up being –

It all ends up being some version, you know, humans are headed towards the glue factory like a horse. Man, that sort of probably makes me want to become a Luddite too. Well, it sucks for us if it's true, but something's happening. If that's the most positive story you can tell, then I don't think that necessarily means we're going to go to the glue factory. I think it means, you know, the glue factory is getting shut down.

Maybe. I don't know who fucking runs the glue factory. That's the problem. I don't know. I'm just speculating too, but I'm trying to be objective when I speculate, and I just don't think that this is going to last. I don't think that our position as the apex predator, number one animal on the planet is going to last. I think we're going to create something that surpasses us. I think that's probably what happens, and that's probably what these things are that visit us.

I think that's what they are. I don't think they're biological. I think they're probably what comes after a society develops the kind of technology that we're currently in the middle of. The part that – look, there are all these places where there are parts of the story we don't know. And so it's like how did –

My general thesis is there is no evolutionary path to this. Maybe there's a guided outside alien superintelligence path for us to become superhuman and fundamentally benevolent and fundamentally radically different beings.

But there's no natural evolutionary path for this to happen. And then I don't know how this would have happened for the alien civilization. Presumably there was some... But isn't that evolutionary path the invention of superior technology that's a new form of life? No, but the story you're telling was it can't...

We can't just leave the humans to the natural evolution because we're still like animals. We're still into status, all these crazy... But those are the things that motivate us to innovate. And if we keep innovating, at some point we will destroy ourselves with that. Or we create a new version of life. No, but the story you were telling earlier was you need to have...

directed into evolution. It's like intelligent design. It's something, it's like there's some godlike being that actually has to take over from evolution and guide our cultural and political and biological development. No, and it might not have any use for us at all. It might just ignore us and let us live like the chimps do and then become the superior force in the planet.

It doesn't have to get rid of us. It doesn't have to send us to the glue factory. It can let us exist, just like put boundaries on us. I thought it has to – but it has to stop us from developing this. Well, what if we just end here and we stay being human and we can continue with biological evolution as long as that takes?

But this new life form now becomes a superior life form on Earth. And we still, you know, we could still have sex, we could still have kids, but by the way, that's going down. Our ability to have children is decreasing because of our use of technology, which is wild, right? Our use of plastics and microplastics is causing phthalates to enter into people's systems. It's changing the development pattern of children to the point where it's measurable.

There's a lot of research that shows that the chemicals and the environmental factors that we are all experiencing on a daily basis are radically lowering birth rates, radically lowering...

the ability that men have to develop sperm and more miscarriages, all these things are connected to the chemicals in our environment, which is directly connected to our use of technology. It's almost like these things coincide naturally. And they work naturally to the point where we become this sort of feminized thing that creates this technology that surpasses us. And then we just exist for as long as we do as biological things, but now there's a new thing.

Yeah, that's... Crazy idea. Might not be real. It's just a theory. But we seem to be moving in a direction of becoming less and less like animals. Um...

Yeah, I think there still are. We still have a pretty crazy geopolitical race with China, to come back to that. Sure. You know, the natural development of drone technology in the military context is you need to take the human out of the loop because the human can get jammed. Sure. And so you need to put an AI on the drone. Well, they're using AIs for dogfights, and they're 100% effective against human pilots. And so there sort of are...

And all these things, you know, there's a logic to them, but there doesn't seem to be a good endgame. No. The endgame doesn't look good. But it's going to be interesting, Peter. It's definitely going to be interesting. It's interesting right now, right? Man, do you think the—I think all these things are very overdetermined. Do you think that the collapse in birth rates, you know, yeah, it could be plastics—

But isn't it just a feature of late modernity? There's that as well. There's a feature of women having careers, right? So they want to postpone childbirth. That's a factor. There's a factor of men being so engrossed in their career that their testosterone declines, lack of sleep, stress, cortisol levels.

alcohol consumption, a lot of different things that are factors in declining sperm rate, sperm count in men. You have miscarriage rates that are up.

You have a lot of pharmaceutical drugs you could attach to that as well that have to do with low birth weight or birth rates rather. There's a lot of factors, but those factors all seem to be connected to society and our civilization and technology in general because the environmental factors all have to do with technology. All of them have to do with inventions and these unnatural factors that are entering into the biological body of human beings and causing these changes.

And none of these changes are good in terms of us being able to reproduce. And if you factor in the fact that these changes didn't exist 50 years ago, I mean, 40 years ago, we didn't even have Alzheimer's. Right. So, yeah, people didn't get that old.

No, they got that old. They got that old. Alzheimer's has to do with the myelin in the human brain. It has to do with the fact that myelin is made entirely of cholesterol. The primary theory they think now is a lack of cholesterol in the diet might be leading to some of these factors. But you have also environmental things. There's like we're getting poisoned on a daily basis. Our diets are fucking terrible. The things that human beings – like what percentage of us are obese? It's probably 40%. Diet Coke is great though. A few every day.

You'll be fine. I'm not worried about Diet Coke. I'm worried about a lot of things, though. I'm worried about... I think there's a natural progression that's happening. And I think it coincides with the invention of technology. And it just seems to me to be too coincidental that we don't notice it, that the invention of technology also leads to the disruption of the sexual reproduction systems of human beings. Like, boy, doesn't that make... And then...

If you get to a point where human beings can no longer reproduce sexually, which you could see that... If we've dropped... Male sperm count has dropped something crazy from the 1950s to today and continues to do so for the average male. And if you just jack that up to 1,000 years from now, you could get to a point where there's no longer natural childbirth and that people are all having birth through test tubes and some sort of new invention. I'm always...

Let me think. I think the why, why have birth rates collapsed is it's probably, it's again an overdetermined story. It's the plastics, it's the screens, it's the, you know, it's...

It's certain, you know, ways they're not, children are not compatible with having a career in late modernity. Probably our economics of it where people can't afford houses or space. But I'm probably always a little bit more anchored on the social and cultural dimensions of this stuff. And again, the imitation aspect.

version of this is, you know, it's sort of conserved across, you know, people are below the replacement rate in all 50 states of the U.S., even Mormon, Utah, the average woman has less than two kids. It's Iran is below that, Italy way below it, South Korea. Japan's in total trouble. Yeah, but it's all these like, it's all these very different types of societies. And so the fact that it's so, and then, you know, Israel's still sort of a weird exception. And

And then if you ask, you know, my sort of simplistic, somewhat circular explanation would be, you know, people have kids if other people have kids and they stop having kids when other people stop having kids. And so there's a dimension of it that's just, you know, if you're a 27-year-old woman in Israel, you better get married and you have to keep up with your other friends that are having kids.

And if you don't, you're just like a weirdo who doesn't fit into society or something like that. No, there's certainly a cultural aspect to it. And then if you're in South Korea where I think the total fertility rate's like 0.7, it's like one-third of the replacement rate. Wow. Like every generation's going down by two-thirds or something like this. Right. Really heading towards extinction pretty fast. It is something like probably none of your friends are doing it and...

And then probably there are ways it shifts the politics in a very, very deep way where once you get an inverted demographic pyramid where you have way more old people than young people, at some point, there's always a question. Do you vote for benefits for the old or for the very young? Do you spend money –

so Johnny can read or so Grandma can have a spare leg. And once the demographic flips and you get this inverted pyramid, maybe the politics shifts in a very deep way where the people with kids get penalized more and more economically. It just costs more and more. And then the old people without kids just vote more and more benefits for themselves effectively. And then it just sort of...

you know, once it flips, it may be very hard to reverse. I looked at all these sort of heterodox demographers, but I'm blanking on the name, but there's sort of a set of where, you know, it's like, what are the long-term demographic projections? And there's this, you know, if, you know, there are 8 billion people on the planet, and, you know, if every woman has not two babies, but one baby,

Then every generation is half the previous. Then the next generation is 4 billion. And then people think, well, it's just going to – eventually you'll have women who want more kids and it will just get a smaller population and then it will bounce back. Yeah, one of the Japanese demographers I was looking at on this a few years ago,

His thesis was, no, once it flips, it doesn't flip back because you've changed all the politics to where people get disincentive. And so and then you should just extrapolate this as the permanent birth rate. And if it's if it's one on average of one baby per woman and you have a having and then it's in 33 generations, two to the 33rd is about eight billion.

And if every generation is 30 years, 30 times 33 is 990 years. In 990 years, you'd predict there'd be one person left on the planet. Jesus Christ. And then we'd go extinct if there's only one person left. That doesn't work.

And, again, it's a very long-term extrapolation. But the claim is that just, you know, once you flip it, it kicks in all these social and political dimensions that are then like, yeah, maybe it got flipped by the screens or the plastics or whatever.

you know, the drugs or other stuff. But once it's flipped, you change the whole society and it actually stays flipped and it's very, very hard to undo. That makes sense. And it's more terrifying than my idea. But then, you know, always the, but then, you know, the, you know, the weird, you know, the weird history on this was, you know, it was 50 years ago or whatever, 1968, Paul Ehrlich writes the population bomb. And it's just, the population is just going to exponentially grow.

And, yeah, in theory, you can have exponential growth where it doubles. You can have exponential decay where it halves every generation. And then in theory, there's some stable equilibrium where, you know, it's, you know, everybody has exactly two kids and it's completely stable. But it turns out that...

That solution is very, very hard to get calibrate. And we shifted from exponential growth to exponential decay. And it's probably going to be quite Herculean to get back to something like stasis. Well, let's end this on a happy note. I don't know. Yeah, that's a terrifying thought and maybe true and maybe what happens. But we don't know. We haven't gone through it before. But I think there's a lot of factors, like you're saying. I think that one's very compelling. Yeah.

And it's scary, especially the South Korea thing. That's nuts. Yeah, it's always sort of idiosyncratic. There's always things that are idiosyncratic to this society. So it's extremely polarized on the gender thing. And if you get married with kids, you're pushed into this super traditional structure. The women don't want to be in that structure anymore.

They opt out. And so there are sort of idiosyncratic things you can say about East Asia and Confucian societies and the way they're not interacting well with modernity. But then, you know, there's a part of it where I wonder whether it's just an extreme thing.

you know, extreme version of it. And then, I don't know, you know, my somewhat facile answer is always, you know, on this stuff is I don't know what to do about these things, but my facile answer is always the first step is to talk about them. And if you can't even talk about them, we're never going to solve them. And then maybe that's only the small first step, but that's always sort of my facile answer. I was in South Korea a year and a half ago, two years ago now, and I met, you know, one of the

CEOs who ran one of the Chabal, one of the giant conglomerates. And I sort of thought this would be an interesting topic to talk about. And then, you know, it's probably all sorts of cultural things I was offending or saying, obviously, what are you going to do about this catastrophic birthright? So that was my opening question. And then the way, you know, the way he dealt with it was just turned to me and said, you

You're totally right. It's a total disaster. And then as soon as you acknowledge it, he felt you didn't need to talk about it anymore and we could move on. Wow. So we have to try to do a little bit better than that. Wow. Because, you know, I think it is always this strange thing where there's so many of these things where we can, you know, where somehow talking about things is the first step, but then it also becomes the excuse for not doing more, not really solving them.

You know, there's all this – there probably are all these dietary things where you sort of know what you're supposed to do. And then if you know what you're supposed to do, maybe that's good enough and you can still have one piece of chocolate cake before you go on the diet tomorrow or whatever. And so it sort of becomes this, you know – and so somehow figuring out a way to turn this knowledge into something actionable is always –

always a thing that's tricky. It's sort of where I always find myself very skeptical of, you know, yeah, all these modalities of therapy where, you know, the theory is that you figure out people's problems and by figuring them out, you change them. And then,

And then ideally it becomes, you know, an activator for change. And then in practice, it often becomes the opposite. The way it works is something like this. It's like, you know, psychotherapy gets advertised as self-transformation. And then after you spend years in therapy and maybe you learn a lot of interesting things about yourself.

You sort of get exhausted from talking to the therapist. And at some point, it crashes out from self-transformation into self-acceptance. And you realize one day, no, you're actually just perfect the way you are. And so it's, you know, there are these things that may be very powerful on the level of insight and telling us things about ourselves. But then, you know, do they actually get us to change? Yeah.

Well, that is an interesting thing about talking about things because I think you're correct that when you talk about things, oftentimes it is a – you are –

At least in some way avoiding doing those things. It's a question. It's a question, yeah. In some ways it's a substitute. But also you have to talk about them to understand that you need to do something. Yeah, that's always my excuse. But you have to do that. And I also realize that it's often my cop-out answer too. It could be both things. The problem is taking action and what action to take. And the paralysis by analysis where you're just trying to figure out what to do and how to do it.

But I think talking about it is the most important thing. Strategy is often a euphemism for procrastination. Yes, it is. Something like that. There's a lot of that going on. It's very hard for people to just take steps. But they talk about it a lot. Listen, man, I really enjoyed talking to you. Awesome. It was really fun. It was great conversation. A lot of great insight and a lot of things that I'm going to think about a lot. So thank you very much. Thanks for having me. Awesome. All right. Bye, everybody. Bye.