cover of episode Will Trump Recognise Somaliland?

Will Trump Recognise Somaliland?

2024/12/13
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旁白:本视频简要回顾了索马里兰的历史,探讨了特朗普希望承认索马里兰的原因,以及这是否是一个好主意。索马里兰位于索马里西北部,是一个运作良好的民主国家,事实上独立超过30年,并在上个月举行了和平的总统选举。然而,索马里兰尚未获得任何联合国成员国的独立承认。最近有报道称,特朗普计划让美国成为第一个承认索马里兰的国家。 旁白:要理解这个故事,需要了解一些关于索马里兰的背景。现代索马里曾经分为两个殖民地:东部的意大利索马里兰和西北部的英国索马里兰。1960年,英国索马里兰成为独立的索马里兰国,并得到35个联合国成员国的承认。然而,五天后,意大利放弃了意大利索马里兰,两国立即合并成为索马里共和国,也就是我们现在所说的索马里。从索马里兰的角度来看,这可能是一个错误,因为意大利索马里兰的人口大约是英国索马里兰的八倍,北部地区经常被南部地区忽视。例如,索马里的第一部宪法直到1961年才通过,因为它在南部获得了压倒性的支持。 旁白:1991年,索马里独裁者西亚德·巴雷被反政府叛军推翻后,索马里兰获得了自治的机会。索马里民族运动是一个北方的准军事组织,在推翻巴雷后,他们决定宣布索马里兰独立,其边界与英国索马里兰保护国的边界基本相同。2001年,他们举行了一次关于独立的公投,97%的索马里兰公民支持独立。从那时起,索马里兰基本上成为索马里境外的自治州,并在一个混乱的地区成为稳定的灯塔。他们举行了多次和平选举,2017年,自由之家将索马里兰评为东非唯一自由的国家。 旁白:尽管如此,索马里兰仍然没有被其他任何国家明确承认,尽管它已被少数国家间接承认。例如,南非接受索马里兰护照。阿联酋于2017年在该国设立了一个小型军事基地,埃塞俄比亚今年早些时候与索马里兰政府签署了一项协议,使用贝贝拉港。然而,有趣的是,索马里兰的潜在独立问题在英国和美国都是一个相对热门的话题。在英国,五个地方议会(即布里斯托尔、谢菲尔德、卡迪夫、利物浦和陶尔哈姆莱茨)出于某种原因通过了决议,承认索马里兰的独立权。这是一个奇怪的流行想法,尤其是在右翼部分。 旁白:承认索马里兰实际上是奈杰尔·法拉奇2015年英国独立党的政策之一,并且长期以来一直是加文·威廉姆森(你可能记得他是特里萨·梅的国防大臣)的一个个人项目。威廉姆森也许最出名的是建议俄罗斯应该……总之,他让英国在2015年在索马里兰的首府哈尔格萨设立了一个办事处,并在去年向下议院提交了一份关于承认索马里兰为国家的法案,甚至被授予索马里兰荣誉公民称号,以表彰他的努力。在美国,这个问题在今年早些时候出现,当时众议院民主党人伊尔汗·奥马尔(她也许最出名的是参议院中最进步的民主党人之一,也是所谓的“小队”成员)发表讲话,抨击埃塞俄比亚和索马里之间的港口协议。在演讲中,奥马尔(她是索马里族)被引用说……总之,在Semaphore新闻媒体报道特朗普计划在他上任后承认索马里兰的国家地位后,这个问题再次出现。 旁白:那么,特朗普为什么突然决定这样做呢?这可能部分是因为要激怒像伊尔汗·奥马尔这样的左翼人士。这也是对拜登政府的斥责,拜登政府撤销了特朗普从索马里撤兵的命令。这似乎也部分归功于加文·威廉姆森的游说,他实际上一个月前说过,他认为他已经说服特朗普承认索马里兰,尽管当他说这话时,没有人真正关注。这可能也归功于阿联酋的游说,阿联酋在过去几年中已成为美国的密切盟友,并且与索马里兰政府关系密切。 旁白:但特朗普以及其他一些共和党人现在热衷于这个想法的主要原因可能是因为索马里兰位于红海南部、亚丁湾沿岸,与也门隔海相望,地理位置十分重要。红海是一条极其重要的国际贸易航线,通常占全球集装箱运输量的约30%。但在过去一年左右的时间里,也门的胡塞武装袭击了经过该地区的商船,导致航运中断。在索马里兰的存在将为美国提供另一种对抗胡塞武装和其他地区组织的方式,有望确保商船安全通行。 旁白:承认索马里兰也可能会改善美埃关系,因为埃塞俄比亚希望与索马里兰签署港口协议,鉴于埃塞俄比亚在非洲和东非事务中的相对核心作用,这在战略上也可能是有益的。尽管如此,即使存在明确的战略理由,并且索马里兰在某种程度上确实应该独立,但像非洲联盟这样的组织普遍反对重新划定边界的原因是,虽然非洲目前的边界显然并不完美,但重新划定边界的过程通常会造成更多的不稳定。现在,你可能会争辩说索马里兰是一个例外。毕竟,它事实上独立了30多年,多米诺骨牌效应的风险微乎其微。 旁白:但即使在索马里内部,也有其他分裂主义运动会受到特朗普承认索马里兰的鼓励。例如,就在几个月前,索马里的另一个自治区邦特兰在索马里政府推行有争议的宪法改革后宣布独立。我们并不是说特朗普一定不应该承认索马里兰,但这可能会进一步动荡一个已经不稳定的地区。也许这种事情应该与非洲联盟等地区组织一起做,而不是单方面进行。正如你可能注意到的那样,目前的新闻周期特别快,世界各地都在发生政变、选举和政府八卦。事实上,随着特朗普进入白宫,这种混乱只会变得更糟。如果你感到有点迷茫,甚至有点沮丧,那么你可能想看看我们的系列节目《WTF 美国》,我们会在那里解释在美国发生的每一件事。因为虽然选举可能已经结束,但WTF时刻的数量似乎只会增加。

Deep Dive

Key Insights

Why has Somaliland not been recognized as an independent state by the UN?

Somaliland has been de facto independent for over 30 years but has not yet been recognized as an independent state by any UN member state.

What is the strategic importance of Somaliland for the US?

Somaliland's location south of the Red Sea and along the Gulf of Aden makes it strategically important for ensuring safe passage of commercial traffic, which is currently disrupted by the Houthis in Yemen. It also improves US-Ethiopia relations and provides a way to push back against regional threats.

Why might Trump want to recognize Somaliland?

Trump's potential recognition of Somaliland could be a strategic move to counter the Biden administration's policies, a response to lobbying efforts by Gavin Williamson and the UAE, and a strategic play due to Somaliland's geopolitical importance.

What are the potential risks of recognizing Somaliland?

Recognizing Somaliland could encourage other secessionist movements within Somalia, such as Puntland, potentially destabilizing an already unstable region. It might also be better to involve regional groups like the African Union in the process.

What is the historical context of Somaliland's independence?

Somaliland was originally part of British Somaliland, which gained independence in 1960 but united with Italian Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Somaliland declared independence again in 1991 after the overthrow of Somali dictator Siad Barre.

What is the current status of Somaliland's government and elections?

Somaliland has been de facto independent since 1991, holding multiple peaceful elections and maintaining its own government, currency, passports, and police force. In 2017, Freedom House ranked Somaliland as the only free country in East Africa.

How has Somaliland been indirectly recognized by other countries?

Somaliland has been indirectly recognized by countries like South Africa, which accepts Somaliland passports, and the UAE, which set up a military presence in the country in 2017. Ethiopia also signed a port deal with Somaliland.

Chapters
This chapter explores Somaliland's history, its unique position as a functioning democracy within the volatile context of Somalia, and its unrecognized status despite its efforts. It highlights Somaliland's peaceful elections and the lack of international recognition.
  • Somaliland's de facto independence for over 30 years
  • Peaceful presidential elections
  • Unrecognized by UN member states
  • History of British and Italian Somaliland
  • 2001 independence referendum

Shownotes Transcript

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In this video, we’re going to take an abridged look at the history of Somaliland; why Trump wants to recognise it; and whether it’s actually a good idea.

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