cover of episode Sanctions and the Russian Energy Industry with Ben Cahill and Eddie Fishman

Sanctions and the Russian Energy Industry with Ben Cahill and Eddie Fishman

2024/10/17
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Russian Roulette

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Ben Cahill认为,俄罗斯能源产业对俄罗斯经济至关重要,石油和天然气收入占其预算的30%到50%,对出口收入也至关重要。尽管制裁导致俄罗斯失去了欧洲这个主要石油出口市场,但其石油出口量保持稳定,收入下降幅度有限,主要是因为俄罗斯将石油出口转向了更远的距离和更少的买家。俄罗斯的天然气收入大幅下降,因为其失去了欧洲市场,而天然气出口缺乏替代方案;但由于石油收入占俄罗斯碳氢化合物收入的80%,整体能源出口收入仍然相当可观。他认为,G7对石油服务业的杠杆作用不如预期,俄罗斯有动力绕过制裁,许多参与者愿意协助其这样做。油价上限机制未能有效打击俄罗斯收入,因为其设计过于宽松,导致合规性下降。他建议加强现有规则的执行,并对违反规则的参与者实施制裁,可以提高油价上限机制的有效性;实施更强有力的次级制裁,可能会产生更大的影响。他认为,选举后,对俄罗斯能源采取更强硬措施的空间可能会更大,俄罗斯能源部门长期面临挑战,特别是天然气部门;其对西西伯利亚油田的依赖,以及在开发新油田方面落后于其他国家,使其长期前景堪忧。 Eddie Fishman认为,俄罗斯的石油生产保持强劲,成功地将石油出口从欧洲转向印度;但天然气出口大幅下降,主要是因为俄罗斯自身的行为(试图武器化天然气出口),而非西方制裁。尽管俄罗斯的石油收入依然强劲,但西方尚未充分利用制裁来打击其能源收入,这使得普京应该感到担忧;目前的制裁措施目标并非主要在于削减俄罗斯的收入,而是有其他目标。OPEC+并非铁板一块,沙特和俄罗斯之间存在利益分歧,可能出现价格战。油价上限机制的主要目标并非削减俄罗斯收入,而是为了应对欧盟对俄罗斯石油服务的禁令,其设计过于宽松,导致合规性下降;如果一开始就包含对违规行为的惩罚措施,合规性可能会更高。美国应该学习过去对伊朗实施制裁的经验,将重点放在限制俄罗斯能源收入上,而不是仅仅限制石油流量;可以对俄罗斯能源交易实施全面金融禁运,并限制俄罗斯使用其能源收入。对俄罗斯实施制裁不能依赖各国政府的配合,而应该关注对银行和金融机构的影响;对伊朗的制裁成功,是因为其威胁了中国和印度银行的利益。对俄罗斯实施更强硬的金融制裁,不太可能导致俄罗斯停止石油供应;俄罗斯不太可能为了报复而减少石油出口,因为这将损害其自身经济利益。长期以来,过度使用能源制裁导致全球出现反弹;许多国家正在寻求减少对美元主导的能源贸易的依赖,并找到规避制裁的方法。

Deep Dive

Chapters
This chapter analyzes the current state of Russia's hydrocarbon export industry, focusing on oil and natural gas revenues. Despite sanctions, oil export volumes have remained stable, while natural gas revenues have significantly decreased due to the loss of the European market. Overall, Russia's hydrocarbon revenues remain substantial, primarily driven by oil exports.
  • Oil and gas provide 30-50% of the Russian budget
  • Russia produces about 9 million barrels of crude oil per day
  • Russia lost its premium export market (Europe), leading to increased costs and a modest revenue decline in oil
  • Russian gas revenues are down sharply due to the loss of the European market
  • Russia is expected to earn $240 billion from energy exports this year

Shownotes Transcript

Max and Maria with Ben Cahill and Eddie Fishman about the current state of Russia's energy industry, and the prospects for the country's lucrative hydrocarbon exports. They also assessed the impacts of Western sanctions on the industry to date and ways those sanctions could potentially be tightened going forward. This conversation was recorded on October 7, 2024.

Chokepoints: American Power in the Age of Economic Warfare) by Edward Fishman is available for pre-order now (Penguin Random House).